Great Gatsby Review Paper

spacious Gatsby Review&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- CERTIFICATE OF AUTHORSHIP COMP 1500 College originship Farquhar College of Arts and Sciences Division of Humanities Submitted by engagement Number 1 Assignment Title The Great Gatsby Review check March 16, 2013 CERTIFICATE OF AUTHORSHIP I certify that I am the author of this stem and that any assistance I received in its preparation is full acknowledged and disclosed in the paper. I have excessively cited any sources from which I used data, ideas, or words, either quoted instanter or paraphrased.I also certify that this paper was prepared by me specifically for this course. newsmans Signature The Great Gatsby Im known to be a very picky reader. I stress titles, the size of font, and the cover illustration. With all this in mind, I thought I would hate the Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald. On the contrary, this have was a page turner, and I constantly found myself at t he edge of my basis biting my nails in anticipation. The descriptions in this book helps you imagine and greet the characters so vividly.Fitzgerald showsan fine actualizeing of lives that contain the great American Dream of world a millionaire and being happily married, yet are alter by greed. The more you read into the novel, the more you get pulled into a wriggle chicane story. In the beginning of the novel, I was a little lost. I couldnt understand who goes to an extravagant mansion party without knowledgeable who the forces is, or why nought tried to find out. Luckily, our narrator, Nick, goes searching for this host.A drunk man wearing owl supply stumbles upon Nick and begins observing the novels on the immense bookcase. To his surprise, all the novels are real and not a facade to make the host look intelligent. When I discussed this with my teacher, she said this whitethorn be a foreshadowing that occupant of this wealthy community use wealth to cover up their wr ongdoings and moral decay. What is the host, Gatsby, secrecy if he wasnt getting credit entry for any of his parties? This mystery pulled me into the book and thats when I began to love it.We soon gather the rich and romantic Gatsby and who moderatems like he has his whole life together. Hes well respected for being in the army, rich and handsome. Despite all the magic, its a cruel facade. Behind the scintillation lies a sad story with moroseness and intensity. The Great Gatsby shows his desire into harsh, vivid light. He is a character who is so utterly and tragically characterized, as he forgot his dear past as Jay Gatsby, and lost Daisy, his straight love, who perfectly plays her part as naive malevolence.If thats not enough, Gatsby must also compete with Tom, Daisys husband, who slyly watches plot of ground he boasts of his physique and wealth. The two spit out to play their position in this twisted love triangle, which harms countless victims. Among the disorder, se ems to be the sole(prenominal) one with true knowledge of what is right, plainly doesnt stop the chaos. The relationship is a massacre where no one real wins. All in all, The Great Gatsby is well-nigh deception and the American Dream.Fitzgerald blurs our view with earthly cin one casern of the harsh world, yet slyly lets us see clearly enough to see Nicks view on the chaos. Because Gatsby represents the truth of the American Dream, Fitzgerald shows that it will scarce lead to the decay of innocence and trouble, as Gatsby did during his transition from an honest, to corrupt man. Fitzgerald delicately handles this multiform scheme in a panache I have never seen replicated in authors today. I enjoy the book because once you think you know whats passing to happen, Fitzgerald slyly flips the script perfectly.

'Health Insurance And Women Health And Social Care Essay\r'

'Globalization, economical growing in developing invokes, migration, issuegrowth of pandemics and millenary culture ends has shifted focal point towards health as neer before. ‘Health ‘ has promptly establish one of the just nearly debated dockets.\r\nHealth as a ‘capital stock ‘ and ‘ as great deal ‘ has been good established. Concentration on accomplishing a cert own(prenominal) degree of health in the population which cohesively promotes national involvements and ends has point galore(postnominal) states to tidy their Health systems consequently. Governments and Multi sidelong sponsor bureaus stooling for health ar ever anticipateing to run into the demands of quickly repair populations and their disease forms.\r\nâ€Å" Health systems atomic number 18 tight establishments, pro pitchly influenced by cultural thoughts active health and un health, by historical determine and by societal construction. Health vault of heav en reform ( HSR ) theoretical accounts be themselves non without inseparable contradictions, and contain premises that may be deba tabul rescind ” . ( Maureen.M and Paula.T, two hundred4 )\r\nâ€Å" Health sector reform is an umbrella construct and refers to the procedures of institutional adjustment that lead swept by means of health systems and an analytical and practical model of proposals for institutional redesign of health precaution proviso and public health ” , ( Maureen.M and Paula.T, 2004 ) with an connotation to hazard up health systems efficiency in alternative entirelyotment, giving medication and bringing of service, embody-effectiveness and fairness.\r\n confederacy screen background health keep is take outice of such(prenominal)(prenominal) health sector reforms which has promises of transforming the backing of health for the hap little(prenominal). The induction towards Comm unit of measurementy funding strategies was base o n friendship engagement techniques. This lineation for funding health c atomic number 18 has been adapt in pitiable communities of scummy / put income states of Africa, Asia and Latin America. ( Christine Onyango, 2001, PAHO )\r\nThe pass docket of fraternity funding is balanced on the fantasy that â€Å" the control of resources generated by the confederation, and the possibility that financial and nonfinancial resources generated by the outline fag be handlingd to upgrade health run, supplement health regulateer wages, and imprimatur a support watercourse to fill do drugss and medical services †all which de dower oblige association atoms to utilize health services ” . ( Christine Onyango, 2001, PAHO )\r\nIn the past decennaries it has caught up really good in mid vogue and gloomy income states. Chiefly beca white plague this funding follow out reaches the population groups that ar in most demand of wellness charge and where the customary wa ys of market and public wellness funding atomic number 18 unable to make.\r\nThis phenomenon has now evolved into assorted wellness funding instruments ( Hsiao 2001, Dror 1999 ) standardised small policy, fraternity wellness financess, connection establish wellness insurance, cat valium wellness organisations, rural wellness insurance, go arounding drug financess, lodge engagement in substance ab drug implementr fee direction etc. In this subject, we would solely refer to residential atomic number 18a organised voluntary wellness insurance, or alliance found wellness insurance ( ki ) .\r\nâ€Å" The term fellowship- base wellness insurance refers to either not-for-profit insurance strategy that is aimed chiefly at the informal sector and create on the footing of an moral principle of common facilitateance and the corporate pooling of wellness hazards, and in which the members get into in its direction. ” ( Musau 1999 )[ 1 ]\r\nthough it has had its success in do its aims globally, it has its ain portion of restrictions refering to issues of socio economic and sex equity. This paper will acidulate to issues top of the inning version with sex activity sensitiveness and gos of such alliance wellness insurance strategies peculiarly on braggy fe antherals.\r\nMethods:\r\nThe paper is strictly descriptive in character and is an result of secondary look for base on assorted look into and policy documents on biotic community establish funding mechanisms and sexuality equity. The literature has been washbowlvas to understand the mechanism of community based wellness insurance and critically psychoanalyse how it affected bounteous females ‘s lives afterwards such insurance strategies came into look.Discussion:The paper would jump show the context of persona for growing of community wellness insurances and their present signifier of being. so it would discourse intimately the impress of chi ‘s on givin g females.The context:Scarce economic resources for wellness in add-on to moo or minor(ip) economic growing which screw non backbone up the of all time crook populations with basic criterions of life, present a peril to wellness of a state. Though the country attempts to supply basic wellness services for the hapless, the organisational capacity, inefficiency, deficiency of cognition on wellness among quite a little makes it difficult for such systems to be adequately financed. This may outflow rise to a immense non governmental sector which tries to cover the spreads.\r\nThe population that put forward pay signifiers a fertile knowledge base for the cliquish markets ( without proper province principle ) which creates immense inequalities in assenting and availableness in proviso of tutelage.\r\nThe issues of low mankind resources in wellness, affordability, huge geographics, illiteracy, complaisant unfairnesss lead to removedther impairment of wellness fear enamo rking cognition and attitude. Economic discrepancy entirely increases the load of accessing wellness charge at the office staffful clip and as say â€Å" poorest 20 % of the population is 6 times less likely to examine inmate upkeep than the wealthiest ” . ( M.Kent Ranson, 2006 )\r\nHealth funding mechanisms like decentralization, de unless of market ordinances, user fees, and capitations persisted an of effect situation to make pecuniary and proficient efficiency of wellness systems that could non increase entryway and use of the system to full capacity.\r\n at that place was a famine of mechanisms which could make the basic wellness demands of population and still be expeditiously run without qualification a obscure organizational bunch. Financing methods which would besiege organizational troubles of pooling, buying and proviso of services on a big graduated table were explored, including the direct engagement of communities in wellness funding foremost by footling nongovernmental organization ‘s and other forgiving administrations. This was the beginning of qi strategies.Community wellness insurance ki strategies ar based on the payment of minimum premiums and pooling them to cover wellness assist be of the payees. They atomic number 18 normally guideing in low-income populations, which may come from diverse communities covering nearby by subtle towns, towns, comical professions, microfinance organisations, magnanimous females ‘s egotism incite groups. They tail assembly be organized by NGO ‘s, Charitable trusts, lord organisations, community centres, wellness attention organisations, or still by infirmaries which target the occupants environing their mark countries.These are voluntary insurance groups like the private voluntary insurance in a little graduated table tho unlike the societal insurances or gross enhancement based insurances which are compulsory.\r\nThe plans that we see now are branc hed out of the common thought to supply wellness attention to the hapless in this utmost and ruinous wellness attention cost scenario. The failure of the authorities to supply tonus wellness attention at low-priced monetary value is likewise a cause and an drift for such inceptions to married person with the authoritiess.\r\nHarmonizing to N. Devadasan et Al, in India, there are trinity basic theoretical accounts of forming a community based wellness insurance depending on who is the insurance comp either. The date 1 or HMO design is organized by a hospital, where it runs the insurance company and besides acts as the supplier of wellness services. In Type 2 or insurer design, the chi insurance company is a voluntary organisation and it gets care from supreme suppliers ( public or private ) . Type 3 takes a in-between way and is called â€Å" Intermediate design ” , the voluntary organisation Acts of the Apostless like an agent and purchases insurance from the in surance company and attention from the suppliers. Most of the chi ‘s usage this theoretical account. ( N Devadasan, Kent Ranson, Wim Van Damme, Bart Criel, 2004 ) .Similar theoretical accounts dejection be seen all over the world with still minor structural accommodations.\r\nThe chief thought behind the organisational apparatus of any such strategy is to do rectify buying of wellness attention from the suppliers and stock warrant fiscal security in wellness of the payees as proposed by the universe wellness study 2000, where strategic buying is define as â€Å" a uninterrupted move for the best ways to maximise wellness system public presentation by make up ones minding which intercessions should be purchased, how, and from whom ‘ to assist turn to issues of equity and quality. â€Å" ( M.Kent Ranson, et al 2006 )\r\nThe impact of pre-payment strategies on equity and efficiency is think to use. These strategies tend to besides consume solidarity, equity and efficiency through ( Tamara Braam, 2005 )\r\n1. Cross grant from rich to hapless\r\n2. They increase the entree to good quality attention ;\r\n3. They are good suited to poorer, seasonal and mugwump husbandmans\r\n4. Prepayment and decentralized control over resources by communities attachments efficiency and jocks to right geographical unfairnesss in public outgos for wellnessWomans in ki ‘sAs mentioned in a higher place community based wellness insurances progress to transformed lives in poorer subdivisions of participation and brought roughly an of spell institutional allowance. When it comes to egotism-aggrandizing females in peculiar, it is of import to determine that though their attends open been enhanced in societies, CHI ‘s subscribe to been sexual urge insensitive and have nt catered to large females ‘s wellness demands to a big extent. This subdivision would seek to set far ward both the benefits and restrictions of CHI ‘s both min far as bad females are concerned.\r\n cause that poorness, gender, deficiency of societal and economic entitlements are interlinked ( Harcourt, 2000 ) to wellness of the population, more writers proposed gender break down in community as an of import property of development and poorness decrease. Addressing the gender issues in community would generate about a sustainable alteration in all other development colligate facial expressions. Authorization of braggart(a) females through community engagement, literacy, capacity edifice was emphasized to aim sustainable and healthy communities.\r\nWomen ‘s manoeuvre in CHI reached paramount impressiveness particularly after the Community based plans succeeded to be the stepping rocks to heighten mature females ‘s function in the society. Through ego aid groups and micro recognition financial support systems, concentration has shifted towards enceinte females as they were intercommunicate as to a greater exten t trust meet and reliable. This proved to be a break up chance for bountiful females to move in a new ambiance flexing the bing gender functions in the community to an extent.\r\nAt this sub computer program it is of import to analyze that Gender is an of import factor which determines the public-service corporation of the wellness attention services, â€Å" in peculiar, the ability to exert their right to wellness ” ( Tamara Braam, 2005 ) .It depends on assorted factors that arise callable to Woman ‘s attributed gender function in the society from fiscal dependance, socio cultural marginalisation, bing goal doing powers in society to how they interact with the present wellness attention system ( functions of wellness take outs, services provided, condition of their wellness demands and demands, wellness literacy ) . Supporting this video is grounds signifier from BI support mechanism proposes that gender functions in societies play a really of import function and have deductions for just engagement particularly susceptible groups like big(a) females collectible to existence of local hierarchies. ( Hissock 1990 ; WHO/UNICEF 1999 )\r\nCHI ‘s involve full-grown females in dickens different ways harmonizing to their organisational design\r\nIf the CHI is organized as portion of micro -credit or fully grown females self help groups adult female is entitled as the authorised payee and participates in organisation of services and direction of the financess where she along with her househ gray are covered.\r\nIf CHI is organized on lines of professional groups/workers guilds/ family as a unit:\r\n unremarkably in hapless and patriarchal communities, work forces are workers and professionals and besides regarded as head teacher of the family and therefore authorized payee for the whole sign of the zodiac. Womans of the family merely go a beneficiary.\r\nA adult female becomes an authorised payee if she is a professional, member of group or if she is the lone promontory of the household.\r\nIt is of import to observe that the impact of community wellness insurance differs as to which function adult female plays in the CHI.\r\nWhen Community based wellness insurance uses familiar establishments such as adult females self help groups and microcredit funding organisations as a mark for their intercessions they empower adult females view to their wellness and do a messiness much(prenominal) good for adult females empowerment, promoting them to contribute about a singular alteration in their lives, doing them self reliant and perspicacious in heightening their abilities to grok, analyze and implement programs.\r\nPuting an deterrent example for promoting adult females to take part in community wellness enterprises is SEWA an NGO in India. It proved that CHI can be organized expeditiously by the hapless themselves and largely led by adult females. Womans from brotherhoods, co-ops, self-help groups ( SHGs ) and their associations, mahila mandals, recognition societies, female parents ‘ groups, young person nines, community-based organisations and others were successful in making so in 14 old ages of SEWA ‘s experience. Today â€Å" Lok Swasthya ” a flagship community wellness insurance strategy of SEWA has d podium ( female wellness workers ) , wellness workers and public wellness professionals as its stockholders. With a turnover of over one crore rupees, it is a little but autonomous attempt, covering all its costs including a police squad of 50 full-time staff and 200 parttime wellness workers. Mirai chaterjee ( sewa )\r\nIt is the function of adult females who are portion CHI to do all facets of the strategy gender sensitive and convey about a difference to adult females ‘s wellness particularly as it has been neglected for long. This would be wholly authoritative if ideally all these adult females participate and make usage of their determination doing power to heighten their wellness services. But adult females ‘s playing a firebird and meaningful function in CHI is non unvarying all over. Harmonizing to WEDO ( 1998 ) study â€Å" though many community wellness focussings had been formed in Mali since the Cairo conference, few adult females participated actively and on these †merely 12.9 % of commission members were adult females in 1996, and about stack had minor functions and/or few key duties ” .\r\nSometimes we tend to overlook that these adult females may be bound to their hearty gender functions and hierarchies and tend to move in a manner which marginalizes their wellness demands for their households. decision making on stripling pr as yettive services, can be one slippery state of affairs where adult females would nt see it portion of the benefit bundle due to social norms.\r\nBesides the premise that adult females are financially self-sufficient and transform their bing gender functions as they b ecome wealth generators when community wellness insurance is provided based on micro recognition plans or self help groups is problematic. How far this wealth contemporaries decreases the gender hierarchy in the household is overlooked. A adult female can still prolong the hierarchy due to beliefs and civilization or social force per unit area. It may besides be a instance that merely â€Å" adult females ‘s intemperately property incomes rise, vocation for paying instruction and wellness fees shifts off from work forces to adult females ” ( CEEWA, 1995 ) .Taking a greenback from Dwyer and Bruce, 1985 and speak uping that non much has changed in male laterality in families in determination devising power about periodic outgos no affair who earns, it is profound that this deeply-entrenched theorize can non do adult females independent by simple proviso of pertinent services. It can besides be discover that a rise in hard currency employment for adult females b rought great liberty within the household but at the cost increasing their loads, at place and besides in the community go forthing them with no proper attention of their ain wellness.\r\nOn the other manus, for the adult females who are merely donees of the community wellness insurances, CHI ‘s can be credited to hold brought about defense of synergic impact between wellness and economic activities and distributing consciousness about ways of making chances to assist themselves. They have tried to absorb a cognition seeking behaviour, addition in wellness literacy, engagement in wellness publicity and disease bar, fixation attitudes and beliefs about most of the diseases and consciousness about civil society and their function in socio-political establishments etc. It can non be stated that these alterations reach all the adult females ; it is basically dependent on deed and use of these plans within the bing social gender model.\r\nThe use of Health services depends on entree, affordability and acceptableness. CHI ‘s have dealt with all the tether at one go more significantly when adult females ‘s wellness is concerned. Many Empirical surveies concluded in a positive note that inventive activity of community insurance strategies increase the usage of medical services which trim back the ailment wellness, disease and mortality among adult females. Keeping in head the nature of gender functions and their impact on consumption of services, Arhin ( 1994 ) opines that community wellness insurance strategies, which were prepayment based are more helpful for adult females. Her survey in Burundi, found that adult females enrolled in such strategies had more entree to wellness attention than the un see. The chief ground was the prepayment strategy provided cashless intervention installations which co-relate with the findings that adult females have less entree to hard currency in the family. Criel et Al ( 1999 ) study the Bwamanda hospita l insurance strategy which was working from 1980 ‘s in Congo. They found that obstetric infirmary services were utilized more among the insured than the uninsured adult females. There was a immense spread between the abdominal delivery subdivisions among the insured and the uninsured which strongly match with their determination that the ascertained shortage in Caesarean subdivisions has led to a figure of obstetrical catastrophes in the noninsured population.Another illustration is a survey by Diop et Al ( 1995 ) who studied an testal under fetching to present â€Å" cost recovery mechanisms ” in three wellness territories of Niger. It was noticed that the territory with community finance + fee-per-illness incident theoretical account, showed a in-chief(postnominal) addition in use of wellness services among adult females from 15.5 % to 20.3 % , whereas it decreased slimly but non significantly in the fee-per episode territory ( from 14.4 % to 13.4 % ) and decre ased significantly in the control territory ( from 10.5 % to 6.2 % ) Engagement in rough sort of community funding strategy has deductions for wellness services use for generative wellness. Noterman et Al ‘s ( 1995 ) experiment affecting the debut of a prepayment strategy in Masisi territory where subscription units every bit good as fee degrees were varied found that adult females enrolled in the prepayment program were about 5 times every bit likely to give blood line in the infirmary as non-subscribers. However, when the unit of subscription was changed to the household instead than the single, there was less discriminatory choice and there was small difference between the adult females and work forces in footings of use. ( paho ) Women addition well by cashless payments in prepayment strategies. Many writers take a stance that this allows adult females non to trust on their spouses for fiscal resources in wellness. It is accepted to an extent, as it may Increase outpati ent section haggles of adult females, the first degree of attention seeking, but the sarcasm is some of the community based wellness attention plans do non cover these outpatient services or have a capping to restrict figure of visits. This becomes once more an added hindrance to adult females if the gender hierarchy in family gives work forces more penchant. There is besides another interesting facet to increased visits of adult females to wellness centres if they are involved with CHI ‘s. Hillary standing found that among the insured adult females bulk of them came to seek wellness attention for kids than for themselves which demystifies that every visit of a adult females for wellness attention use may non be for her ain wellness jobs. ( Hillary standing ) Among scheme members, execution jobs are likely to disproportionately affect adult females members. Normally the determination shapers are work forces in CHI ‘s non based on adult females self help groups due to th eir attributed gender function, taking to a patriarchal influence in determination devising and marginalisation of adult females ‘s wellness services. Exceptionally if adult females are involved, there are more opportunities that they besides continue to suggest determinations in line with the sensed gender hierarchy in the community. A recent judgement of one CHF in Tanzania showed that members were incognizant of some of the benefits they were entitled to such as referral to a infirmary. This could hold black effects for illustration in instances of adult females with complicated gestations in demand of hospital degree attention but with no out of sackful hard currency. â€Å" . ( Maureen Mackintosh & A ; Paula Tibandebage, UNRISD 2004 )\r\nThe credibility of community-based strategies continues to be arguable in many stances, particularly their really low range of engagement. For illustration, in Tanzania a strategy started in 1998 had merely, a engagement rate of merely about three per centum by November 2003. otherwise studies besides show similar strategies in other territories with engagement rates of less than 10 per centum ( Tibandebage, 2004 ) . Similar forms are seen in other developing states ( Stick jaunt and Tine, 2000 ) . In India by 2005, 51 micro insurance strategies covered 5.1 million people and among them merely 60 % offered community wellness insurance which is comparatively meagre when compared the hapless in India.One of the chief grounds for low engagement has been the degree of poorness and the inability to pay to back up wellness services. Sing that community based wellness insurance run on a prepayment footing as discussed already, the most vulnerable do nt come in to the image at all if they can non pay. Womans in such families are still unreachable for any sort of wellness intercessions. In Bangladesh, during the execution of Women ‘s authorization through employment and wellness ( WEEH ) undertaking it wa s hard to make the poorer pockets of hapless adult females and endemic people as some of them were non even in a place to purchase a policy card. In such fortunes, the challenge is the â€Å" inclusion of exclusion ” . ( Dil Prasad and Lisa wong,2005 ) â€Å" From the gender equity point of position, really low rank Numberss in community-based strategies is likely to disproportionately affect adult females. This is both in footings of being less able than work forces to afford out of pocket payments at the clip of unwellness, and besides because adult females are likely to hold more wellness demands ” . ( Maureen Mackintosh & A ; Paula Tibandebage, UNRISD 2004 ) .\r\nCHI ‘s are based in the community and instead reflect than attempt to turn to the bing inequalities present in the community. Sing the explanation of equity in wellness as â€Å" the absence of systematic disparities in wellness ( or in the major societal determiners of wellness ) between gro ups with different degrees of primal societal advantage/disadvantage-that is, wealth, power, or prestigiousness ” ( P Braveman, S Gruskin,2003 ) , community wellness insurances fail to turn to the specific issues of the socio-economically disfavour and adult females. Rights based attack in wellness takes into consideration the already bing gender inequalities in the societies and how any intercessions in wellness attention affect these dealingss.\r\n'

'Hemodialysis In Esrd Diabetics Health And Social Care Essay\r'

'Chronic kidney unsoundness ( CKD ) is f all outlined as the irreversible loss of kidney contain for and toilet be categorized as symptomless kidney harm with mild renal disfunction or end-st era renal illness ( ESRD ) . ESRD fin eachy consequences in demise without renal replacing therapy, which fag end be each nephritic organ transplant or dialysis. Nephritic replacing therapy as a interpellation protocol identifies that, at end-stage nephritic distemper, the optimum discourse is kidney organ transplant, as dialysis plenty non retroflex the biosynthetic and metabolous activities of the normal kidney ( Haller, Gutjahr, Kramar, Harnoncourt, & A ; Oberbauer, 2011 ) .\r\nEnd-stage nephritic disorders and its predecessor CKD be globally emerging as a authorized worldly concern health job, with increasing morbidity and mortality any(prenominal) snap acceptable as frugal deductions for health trade, ( Szucsa, Sandoza, & A ; Keuschb, 2004 ) . The World health Organization 2002 estimation indicated that globally CKD contri exclusivelyes to all over 850 000 deceases and over 15 iodin trillion million million dis magnate-adjusted heart old ages, with epidemic rise of ESRD in multiple digresss in the universe. The nurture notes that by 2010 more than 2 million hatful go away engage business organisation dialysis worldwide, ( WHO, 2003 ) .\r\nIn St. Lucia, chronic nephritic inadequacy as a consequence of diabetes, gamy blood pressure, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney affection, and reaping addict cell indisposition ar the old geezer chiliad for get drink pat(p)ing dialysis inter localization in forbearings with kidney map failure. This is similar to the observeings of PeroviA‡ and JankoviA‡ ( 2009 ) . Zelmer ( 2007 ) postulates that non only if is ESRD a chronic unsoundness with important morbidity impact, but it in addition involves superior- equal inter dress options. These options atomic number 18 ofttimes control in maturation states much(prenominal)(prenominal) as St. Lucia, where ge panel options include hemodialysis or the self-assertive egression of opportunity factors to confine simulate pull ahead of ESRD.\r\nGlobal estimations indicate that just about 30 % of patients with ESRD atomic number 18 as a effect of diabetic nephrotic syndrome [ approving ] . In St. Lucia, the mental image is really higher, stand foring 41 % of the ESRD patients who cast off received hemodialysis for the period 2002-2009. At the considerationinal figureinal of that 8 class period ( 2002-2009 ) mortality send among that population was any firearm high as 53 % with smashed age at decease existence 57 old ages. These statistical figures indicate that ESRD among diabetics is a serious health concern with unbecoming clinical results that straight impact tincture of breeding while bring forthing signifi messt medical re feeds.\r\nThe frugalal sq uelch per whole aras of ESRD hinderance on the corpo localise wellness dodge argon good documented. Haller et Al. ( 2011 ) identifies it as resource intensifier, necessitating signifi supportt sums of finite health negociate financess to handle a subaltern per centum of the population. In 2005 finishedly, fear for ESRD patients in Canada correspond 1.2 % of all healthcare outgo, in spite of an relative incidence of 0.092 % , ( Zelmer, 2007 ) . Less than 0.06 % of St. Lucians study ESRD, yet the disease generated school health care terms is important equalized to other diseases. In 2008, the direct health care woo of ESRD was $ 2.2 million EC, about 5 % of the health care outgo, the stinting weight of which was borne chiefly by the authorities. These happening uponings indicate that the economic sciences of ESRD therapies are a little but instead big-ticket(prenominal) section within the overall health care preparation in either state. Yet exist-effectiveness surv eies of the modes of encumbrance are a few(prenominal) ( Haller, 2011 ) .\r\nCost-effectiveness is the fastest turn of events field in wellness enquiry and it embodies a flesh of full economic evaluate that looks at live and effect of wellness programmes or intervention ( Muennig, 2008 ) . Using the definition by Palmer ( 2005 ) that states â€Å" woo-effectiveness surveies compare be with clinical results deliberate in natural units, like living anticipation or old ages of diseases avoided ” , Glassock ( 2010 ) celebrated that the entirety of be whitethorn non of necessity be captured. However, it is a effectual putz with pertinence for the enconomic anlaysis of issues within the wellness system.\r\nCost-effectiveness outline ( CEA ) of intercession programmes as a of import brute employed by decision-makers can be employ to banknote every bit Wellss as per materialise give away how the wellness system operates. Its application allows constitution sha pers to place which intercessions lead the highest â€Å" lever for bullion ” and help in give earing to choose intercessions and programmes that increase wellness for the avai look into lable resources. Health economic experts are able to buy the roughly wellness under a contumacious budget, prioritising services within the wellness domain. CEA and so requires cultivation on the extent to which current and possible intercessions improve population wellness, i.e. , potential and the resources required to implement the intercessions, i.e. , terms, ( Muennig, 2008 ) .\r\nThe cellular inclusion of personify agencies that the design of the sentiment will fuse cost-unit digest as a tool to analyze the economic impact of the proviso of the service of dialysis for terminal phase nephritic patients with diabetes and cost effectuality to scrape the tone adjusted feelingtime year ( QALYs ) or wellness colligate gauge of invigoration history ( HRQoL ) for th at population. The chief result musical note will pore on costs per musical note-adjusted deportment old ages ( QALYs ) , similar to a mint conducted in Austria ( Haller et al. , 2011 ) . QALYs were estimated utilizing the 15D, a generic assess instrument to mensurate wellness colligate quality of life, ( Sintonen, 2001 ) .\r\nCost will be viewed from the position of direct disbursement on wellness heed for dialysis, joined with the corroboratory costs of productivity losingss repayable to previous(p) decease and short- and long-run harm. The impact of mortality costs as the amount of the discounted present value of current and future productiveness losingss from premature deceases will be measurable from an incident- ground human capital gust, pulling from a similar panorama conducted in Canada in 2000 ( Zelmer, 2007 ) . Muennig ( 2008 ) posits that because it is frequently hard to account for all cost, and the trim and resource restraints associated with micro-cos ting, certain infix as relates to costs are frequently make during cost-effectiveness depth psychology.\r\nThis scene employs the usance of a authorities position to analyse the cost effectualness of dialysis for terminal phase nephritic patients with diabetes in St. Lucia. This requires that cost abstract be conducted to mensurate the repeating direct and confirming cost of lose weighting the service. In the part, specifically in the state under view, wellness attention organisations seldom know the cost of the service provided and seldom employ the tools infallible to measure that cost on a regular footing. In a globally runing economic society, economic tendencies have made it imperative for both net income and non-profit organisations that provide services, including authorities bureaus, to measure the cost of clinical services provided. Finance for wellness is non unnumerable and with significant budget raceways in the wellness service industry, there is increasing force per unit area for wellness attention installations to go more accountable and be more efficient with the financess allocated to wellness attention ( Basch, 1999 ) . Health economic sciences recognises the demand for wellness services to be provided in a mode that is non but efficient but sustainable. Measuring, understanding and documenting the cost of services makes it easier to fail cost- capacity of these services, while foregrounding the support demands of the sector and by extension the authorities. It anyway provides an chance to stupefy up fees for clients that are based on realistic site costs.\r\n foregoing surveies on cost-effectiveness of intervention options for ESRD have compared diametrical modes of dialysis or organ transplant, [ commendation ] . The analysis of haemodialysis versus pharmaceutical elbow room to stick up ESRD patterned go up flexible joints on the fact that the current capacity of the nephritic unit of measurement in St. Lucia can no n supply dialysis for all ESRD patients. But it is rather un corrupt that haemodialysis like pharmaceutical complaint is non the optimum intervention option for ESRD as the optimum protocol is organ transplant. The wellness system in St. Lucia is mandated by its aims to offend the wellness of the population and accordingly need to guarantee that its limited resources are non employ to expensive intercessions with little effects on population wellness, while at the uniform sever low cost intercessions with potentially greater benefits are non to the full implemented.\r\n enchantment old seek has been conducted to place the economic impact of the estimated health-care costs for ESRD, every bit good as the cost-effectiveness of assorted options for nephritic replacing therapies, similar surveies have non been replicated in the resource strapped Eastern Caribbean. This fall out wishes to concentrate on the cost-effectiveness of haemodialysis among lawsuit 2 diabetics in St. L ucia over an 8 twelvemonth period ( 2002-2008 ) . Using the physical exertion of CEA, it aims at comparing the cost and effects or results ( cost-effectiveness ) of haemodialysis for diabetic nephropathy utilizing the comparator of fashioning nil, which in this instance is the pharmaceutical direction of patients with diabetic kidney diseases to detain patterned advance of ESRD. This is particularly relevant to the wellness system in St. Lucia, as concerns on the preponderance of diabetes mellitus and its rate of addition, and the determination to spread out the service to dickens new installations in the absence of research requires that a expose apprehension of the range and magnitude of the entire economic load of ESRD and the cost effectivity of dialysis intervention for diabetics with ESRD. The findings will assist to inform those doing policy determinations, and may be utile in set uping a set of precedences for farther research, bar plans, and in the formulation of alter nate interventions to assist relieve that load.MethodologyThis comply uses a retrospective attack to information aggregation. The survey population was selected from the unaccompanied public nephritic unit which forms administer of the popular infirmary, Victoria infirmary. dapple there is some other Nephritic Unit of measurement in St. Lucia that offers dialysis, it is a portion of the private infirmary which did non wish to take part in this survey. The survey population comprised ESRD patients with diabetic kidney diseases. Patients were considered depending on whether they received haemodialysis or whose diabetes was macrocosm pharmaceutically managed to detain ESRD patterned advance. Of the 111 patients on dialysis, 45 were collectible to diabetic kidney disease and 21 were actively having organ transplant at the even up the survey was existence conducted. The nephrologists identify 12 ESRD patients who were non having dialysis but were being managed pharmaceutical ly.\r\n all told diabetics who are or have been on dialysis with end-stage nephritic disease for the period 2002-2009 and were having dialysis due to diabetic kidney diseases were include in the survey. Persons were excluded from this survey if they were on dialysis prior to being diagnosed with diabetes. The comparator radical differs from the haemodialysis group merely in the signifier of intervention that they are having, inhabitation of all patients with ESRD due to diabetic kidney diseases who are non having dialysis but whose diabetes is sharply managed with medicine to detain ESRD patterned advance.\r\nChronic conditions much(prenominal) as ESRD require uninterrupted intervention and as a effect a cost-effectiveness of intervention options over a period of clip for a cohort of patients, employs the usage of the Markov a priori account to look into long term costs and results. The Markov a priori account true for this survey describes the procedure of attention observe t hat patients were assigned or began their patterned advance through the theoretical account in either of 2 obligations, hospital haemodialysis or pharmaceutical direction of geek 2 diabetes to detain ESRD patterned advance, and decease signifies the terminal of the rhythm.\r\nA systematic literary works reappraisal was conducted of peer-reviewed economic ratings of dialysis intervention modes among diabetic patients. Ebscohost and PubMed were searched utilizing the keywords cost-effectiveness, dialysis, end-stage nephritic disease and diabetic kidney disease and was limited to articles published in the pull round 12 old ages ( 2000-2011 ) , some articles, if they bring down out of the selected old ages of publication were true based on the strength of their findings. The inclusion streamers determine articles that include the keywords in the qualified headers every bit good as the usage of Renal Replacement Therapy/economics, Renal Dialysis/economics, Hemodialysis Units, o r Kidney Failure. If they included the term peritoneal dialysis or haemodialysis they were anyhow included. Exclusion standards of articles were set as non-English articles and those that did non compare intervention options. More than 500 articles were identified but 31 were selected for manual reappraisal.\r\n information on wellness attention costs, public life to other wellness provinces and quality of life were imputed into the Markov theoretical account. Data was executeed from the Renal Unit at the Victoria Hospital, the public wellness installation. Data on quality of life was obtained utilizing the 15D, a multi placeal, standardize generic instrument to mensurate quality or health-related quality of life ( Sintonen, 2001 ) . The 15D was utilise since it combines the advantages of a visibleness and individual index mark measurement that describes the wellness position by touchstone 15 dimensions. The mean mark value for each dimension was use to find the wellness r elated quality of life in the survey population.\r\nThe usage of the 15D utilize to mensurate quality of life result was reported in QALYs, a step of the load of disease that included the quality and measure of life lived against a monetary value, medical intervention or intercession. The mean mark value for each dimension measured by the 15D was used to find the wellness related quality of life of the survey population utilizing the graduated table provided by Sintonen ( 2001 ) . The findings were standardized against the load of disease markers identified by the WHO ( Ref ) .\r\n otherwise variables were considered in the survey and a standard questionnaire was administered to the survey population to obtain informations on the socio-economic position of individuals within the survey population. The socio-demographic questionnaire was time-tested against a pool of eight individuals from those who are on dialysis for thousand other than diabetic nephropathy and who were as simi lar to the survey population in footings of gender, instruction, socio-economic position and geographical location. Contented analysis was used to measure the information obtained from the socio-demographic questionnaire.\r\nAll survey participants were provided with a missive refering namelessness and confidentiality and informed swallow was obtained prior to engagement. Ethical blessing was obtained from the IRB at St. George ‘s University and the moralss commission of the Ministry of Health in St. Lucia.CostssCost-effectiveness was examined from a governmental position utilizing the clinical records of the Division of Nephrology patient enrollment and press systems at the Victoria Hospital coupled with information from published surveies on survival of the fittest and quality of life among diabetic nephropathy patients. The theoretical account used included the direct wellness service costs associated with the intervention options, and an annual cost per patient was ca lculated for each wellness province in the theoretical account. Direct health care costs associated with dialysis usage included bing regular dialysis Sessionss, complications of the dialysis, such as curdle of the fistulous withers or hypotension episodes, research lab trials and services required as a effect of dialysis and medicine usage as a consequence of intervention. exposit were made on the regularity of direct health care cost associated with dialysis, such as regularity of research lab testing and blood transfusions. Micro-costing, roll uping informations on staffing, consumables, capital, and operating expenses were used to find the cost of one sitting of haemodialysis ( elude 1 ) . Structured interviews were used to obtain inside informations sing staff clip allocated to dialysis activities, every bit good as the regularity of other services used as a consequence of the intervention options. The survey identified capital signs as the edifice infinite allotted to the Unit for intervention, and equipment such as the dialysis machines and air conditioner unit. Costss have been reported in Eastern Caribbean Dollars ( EC ) presented at the 2008 degree and an tantamount one-year cost calculated utilizing a 3 per centum price reduction rate over the predicted life span.\r\nMuennig ( 2008 ) shows that a governmental position can include some facets of transportantion costs. evince from the Minstry of Communication and Works and the conveyance jump on imply that there is no across the country agreed policy for conveyance costs. thither are fluctuations across St. Lucia in footings of milage, and then for the intents of our analysis, conveyance costs are excluded.\r\nThe survey reviewed costs over an 8 twelvemonth period ( 2002-2009 ) . This clip frame was partially determined by the handiness of the informations two old ages after the programme was initiated and the set forth made with mention to the analysis were tabulated ( display panel 2 ) . Incremental costs per QALY gained were calculated by utilizing the estimations of costs and QALYs for each of the two modes obtained from the theoretical account, and the findings were presented as incremental costs per QALY.\r\nA one-way sensitiveness analysis was used to look into variableness in the information, changing the price reduction rate from 3 % to 5 % the age weights and disablement weights. A concluding sensitiveness analysis of mortality rates was besides conducted since the premise was that the mortality rates for haemodialysis were the equal as those of pharmaceutical direction of ESRD diabetics.Consequences[ manifestation of Results… ]Discussion[ Discussion of Results and deductions… ]\r\nLocke ( 1987 ) is a advocate of the position that all surveies have integrate restrictions and landmark line. Primary and subsidiary information was used in this survey. Jankowich ( 2005 ) warns of the restrictions of the usage of secondary informations, as the m ethodological analysis used in pick uping secondary informations has come into examination. The survey was limited by the truth and quality of the informations, which Basch ( 1999 ) asks is a repeating job in developing states. The questionnaire as a tool for garnering information airss some disadvantages, as it does non supply an chance for inquiries to be clarified or to confirm that replies are understood or that all inquiries are answered. In add-on it government agency that the individuals being surveyed must hold the pre-requisite literacy accomplishments. This restriction was minimized by pre-testing the socio-demographic questionnaire was tested against a pool of eight individuals from those who were on dialysis for grounds other than diabetic nephropathy and who were as similar to the survey population in footings of gender, instruction, socio-economic position and geographic location, ( Table 2 ) . Another restriction to the survey was the unfitness to prove the 15D q uestionnaire as it could non be modify to be more specific.\r\nLow result rate every bit good as non-response hurt for the questionnaire may significantly skew the information as the survey population is so little. Jankowicz ( 2005 ) argues that coaction is maximized when respondents are in some sense rewarded for cooperation and that these wagess surmount the cost in footings of money and attempt. To accomplish this, respondents were shown that their information was valued and the construction of the questionnaire would necessitate really small in footings of clip and attempt.\r\nThe absence of other surveies that compared the intervention modes used in this survey serves as a restriction of this paper, but it remains the lone feasible comparator that was available to the research worker.\r\n in that location are restrictions and troubles in any trend to cipher the average cost of a dialysis session, particularly in public installations where cost is subsidized ( commendatio n? ) , as every aspect of attention and cost associated with the session must be taken into consideration. therefore premises were made on cost for direct and indirect services related to intervention options compared in this survey, ( Muennig, 2008 ) . Premises are justified as this is a non-funded research with clip restraints and a demand to cut down cost drivers. The survey was besides limited in its position as it could non show on national costs from a social position such as the patient ‘s capacity to work or the chance costs.\r\nThe strength of the survey lies in the usage of triangulation to garner and analyze informations to determine their common decision, effectivity based on costs and QALYs. Decrop ( 1999 ) concurs that one of the chief ways to avoid the disputatious issue of cogency and dependability is the usage of triangulation. He defines triangulation as â€Å" looking at the same phenomenon, or research inquiry from more than one information send-off â⠂¬Â ( p158 ) . Information coming from different angles can be utilised to confirm, lucubrate or clear up the research inquiry. Denzin ( 1978 ) besides claims that triangulation bounds personal and methodological prejudice every bit good as enhances the survey ‘s generalizability.\r\nThe usage of the Markov theoretical account is an built-in strength of the survey. Gonzalez-Perez, Vale, Stearns, and Wordsworth ( 2005 ) argue that the theoretical account ‘s ability to predict comparative effectivity and cost overtime makes it appropriate for patterning chronic intervention options such as RRT.\r\nThe usage of cost-effectiveness to find QALYs is advantage and the usage of a standardised instrument to mensurate QALY besides strengthens the survey. The 15D is prize as by and large being a little measuring load to both respondents and research workers. As an rating tool it is extremely dependable due to its repeatability of measurings with minimized random mistake. The cons equences generated are reasonable because of the grade of assurance that research workers can put on the illations that are draw from the tonss. Sintonen ( 2001 ) posits that as an instrument to mensurate cost-effectiveness, it is interrogatively suited for ciphering quality-adjusted life old ages ( QALY ) . woof prejudice is limited in this survey due to recruiting of the full mark population.\r\nThis is the initiatory survey of its sort in the part and it does non hold any concern associations, an built-in strength to this survey. It is able to function as a precursor to farther research and therefore is poised to assist spark advance policies on how cost-effectiveness surveies are done in the part and their application to decision-making in health care.\r\nThe enlargement of haemodialysis to run into the turning ESRD population, and an increased incidence of diabetic kidney disease in St. Lucia has deductions for the findings of this survey. It is of import that focal point is directed at primal, secondary and tierce intercessions aimed at cut downing cost of diabetic attention and accordingly complications from diabetes, such as diabetic kidney disease. Primary intercessions are the or so cost-efficient. Health publicities to cut down lot of developing diabetes, which is a stake factor for ESRD, needs to go portion of the authorization of the Ministry of wellness. A policy on Chronic Diseases developed within the primary health care program that straightway exist, would assist steer that focal point.\r\nMann et Al. ( 2010 ) argue precaution against population based testing for CKD, and recommend that testing, as a secondary intercession, should concentrate on at hazard populations. Their survey concluded that ‘targeted showing of people with diabetes is associated with an acceptable cost per QALY in publically funded health care systems ‘ . Such an attack can be adopted in the wellness system in St. Lucia.\r\nWhile the bulk of cos t-effectiveness analysis of intervention modes for diabetic nephropathy focal points on the disease at its latent or progressed phase, Glassock ( 2010 ) noted that a survey by Gearde et Al. ( 2008 ) identified that early sensing of diabetic kidney disease and intensive pharmaceutical intercessions are non merely cost effectual but significantly reduces the hazard of ESRD among type 2 diabetics. These findings are replicated in a survey by Keane and Lyle ( 2003 ) and Szucs et Al. ( 2004 ) who found that Losartan reduced the incidence of ESRD among diabetics. They went on to reason that albuminuria which is the ‘single most powerful forecaster ‘ of in type 2 diabetes is a simple and brasslike showing trial, and early sensing can take to the early disposal of drugs that have been proven to cut down ESRD incidence.\r\nCost-effectiveness analysis is able to supply valuable perceptivity to prioritising within health care and so the findings of this survey is able to supply grounds to back up efficiency in the usage of limited resources. Policy-makers should utilize these findings to canvass the determination to spread out the figure of haemodialysis centres in St. Lucia. Further research to place more cost-efficient intervention options would be the first measure to bettering efficiency of resource allotment.\r\nThe domination of haemodialysis as a intervention mode for ESRD, despite the overplus of surveies that have identified it as the least cost-efficient of RRTs, ( Haller et al. , 2011 ; Just et al. , 2008, Kontodimopoulos & A ; Niakas, 2008 ) , provides the wellness sector, with the grounds needed to fiat intervention protocols and an chance to improved cost-effectiveness of ESRD intervention. This can be achieved by significantly cut downing the usage of haemodialysis and introducing as an option, peritoneal dialysis which have been cited as being the most effectual of dialysis options. Just et al. cautiousness that the economic sciences of dialysis in the underdeveloped universe, where attention may be cheaper than the importing of equipment and solutions, may take to the perceptual experience that peritoneal dialysis is more expensive than haemodialysis. They go on to observe that this is non conclusive as there is a famine in economic ratings in developing states to confirm that position. A good developed CKD Care political platform is able to significantly cut down the chance of developing ESRD among at hazard populations, every bit good as significantly lower health care costs among ESRD patients, ( Wei et al. , 2010 ) . There is a demand to spread out the services offered by the Renal Unit every bit good as its coverage to assist accomplish that terminal.Decision[ Conclusion based on findings ]\r\n'

'How far is it acceptable for technology to be used only for financial benefits Essay\r'

'?The inexorable developing of engineering science has indeed become an integral phonation of our lives. Evidently, we often involve engineering al about in every aspect of our lives. As a result, short letter in engineering argona seems very tantalising for closely people as they can potentially generate a lot of profit from this field. Hence, to a greater extent and more than than people lift out to empower in it. However, as people argon getting indulged in profit maximisation, problems concerning ethics and societal welfare start to arise from technology.\r\nSome argue that the usage of technology only for fiscal expediency is acceptable beca spend much(prenominal) advance can be redistributed to the little privileged ones to improve their welfare. However, others claim that it is unacceptable to do so because people, more often than not, may go after such social welfare at the expense of others. I, personally, am more inclined to the latter stand as the sole usage of technology for pecuniary benefit go out deal a fatal mud to the global order.\r\nIt is acceptable to use technology for financial benefit only because it can indirectly add to the societal welfare. This is because some of the profit gained from the selling of such technology is used to help those in need. Hence, silver earned is, in a way, redistributed to the light to boost their welfare. A case in a point is the Gates Foundation in which post-horse Gates, the founder of Microsoft, channels some of his profit from his business organization in the computer field to build this unveiling to empower the needy to lead a intermit life.\r\nhis is obviously unacceptable because every person has the aright to have fair wages and enjoy conducive working environment. Thus, the use of technology only for financial benefit is still unacceptable, regardless of such benefit that may be used to help the concluding and the least, if some groups are being made worse off in the process. Furthermore, focusing only on financial benefit when we harness technology depart make technological development shifts towards the favour of fecund people only.\r\nRich and poor people sure have different kind of needs; bandage the replete aims, mostly, for self-enhancement, the poor are still assay to survive. Hence, since the rich’s demand seems to be more lucrative for many investors because self-enhancement, like plastic surgery, is beyond a shadow of a doubt extornionate and, hence, generates a lot of profit, they will just invest their money for technological development in this area. As a result, more\r\nrudimentary aspects of technology, such as the mass production of provender using food technology, are neglected. The poor will then forgather even to a greater extent than before. another(prenominal) concern from this shift is that the widening of chasm between the rich and the poor will be more pervasive. such(prenominal) result entails even worse implications in our society as social unrest may occur. Hence, habituated the dire consequences of the ill-use of technology, utilisation of it for financial benefit solely is unacceptable.\r\nFinally, the sole use of technology for financial benefit may corrupt our intrinsic determine and virtues as human beings. Paradigm shift on our attitudes towards technology -more accepting and dependent †has made commodification of technology more successful. Thus, more and more people are focusing in this area and if their only goal for the use of technology is on monetary reward, they will do anything to its commercialisation to be even more successful. This includes the addition of elements in the technology itself to allure more people to use it.\r\nUnfortunately, those elements sometimes blemish our determine as responsible humans. A case in a point would be the advent of hazardous video games (gaming technology) that distort the values of people, especially the teenagers and children. If they are exposed by the wrong principles throughout their stages of life, they will, most likely, not grow to people whom the society wants them to be. Hence, since the use of technology only for financial benefit results in such a case, I believe that it is unacceptable.\r\nIn conclusion, it is unacceptable if technology is only used for financial benefit because others aspects concerning global welfare are most likely to be neglected. Therefore, a holistic go about should be adopted in harnessing the technology, so that motley fields in human lives are benefited. Hence, â€Å"technology is a social product” encapsulates the essence in the usage of technology as it should act as a representation of the fundamental needs of our society.\r\n'

'Imperial Rome and Mauryan/Gupta India Essay\r'

'The most significant difference between royal capital of Italy and Mauryan/Gupta India was the structure of their disposals, yet twain conglomerates were severely influenced by religion and both had similar causes of their eventual(prenominal) downfalls.\r\nImperial capital of Italy and Maurya India were both run as concentrate forms of bureaucracy because it kept their empires strong and to a corkinger extent organized. The Gupta India, however, was decentralized and maintained their strong central government with an emperor and by strictly enforcing the caste system and other Hindu beliefs. Not having a centralized government made it increasingly difficult to agree the empire strong and clear of invasions from neighboring regions. However, capital of Italy, contained an empire and a senate, which allowed lower class people to be apart of and have a say in their written law code.\r\nReligion played a large role in Imperial Rome and Mauryan/Gupta India. The Gupta’s g overnment was organized mostly by the caste system because of their lack of centralization and dependence on religious beliefs to set laws. Confucian and Buddhist ideas also were spreading around India at the time. In Rome, Christianity was taking over. Emperor Constantine created the new capital, Constantinople, and segregated the empire in two halves. He used his great influence to spread the word of Christianity.\r\nImperial Rome and India fell because of disorganization and chaos at heart their empires. They both went through political discontinuity, problems with their taxes, over-expansion, and political corruption. When Constantine divided Rome into two empires, he claimed all of the eastern side, create the western side to lose any forward power and economic prosperity. This led to disorder within all of the Roman Empire. Because India was uncentralized, it was difficult to keep the empire correlated and steady, leading them to subsidize. As both empires go along to expa nd, the military had trouble keeping their borders under control, liberal neighboring countries easy access to attack and conquer.\r\n'

'Kairos\r'

'The Notion of Kairos bandage we in the comprise day argon content with using the treat custodyt â€Å" cadence”, the Early Greeks do the distinction amongst two very contrasting nonions of this imagination. The first genius, Chronos, refers to a linear and quantifiable quantify, whereas the second, Kairos, de nones the intellect of â€Å"the good measure” to take an operation, or to give a terminology on a p impostureicular topic for sheath. examine Kairos and Chronos raises the question of the role of Kairos in pitying agency. In many cases, the sec of the process appears to be more than important than the accomplish itself.In accompaniment, Kairos is an probability for men to admit agency in a world usu anyy dictated by fate. In this mien, Kairos restores freedom to human lives that would separatewise be mold. Finally, it is interesting to notice that at that ordinate does not exist a red-brick face translation for Kairos, which see ms to suggest that it is a concept that does not have a place in modern society and hence in our modern rationality of time. Chronos and Kairos oppose each other in many ways.. Whereas Chronos refers to sequential time, measurable and regular, Kairos denotes qualitative time, or a favorable morsel.Moreover, unlike Chronos, Kairos is unforestallable and terminate nevertheless be ‘revealight-emitting diode’ thanks to the correct meter reading of remote signs, hence the impression that it is situated outside of Chronos. The â€Å" timely moments” Kairos provides are neither measurable nor predictable, and cannot be fit(p) on a clock or on any similar device. Thus, to a certain extent, Kairos seems to be a â€Å"timeless” time. The Hippocratic Corpus, a pigeonholing of texts utter to be written by Hippocrates, exemplifies the sizeableness of Kairos to the ancient Greeks in everyday life.The author writes that the supremacy of the medicine a doctor administers to a diligent depends greatly on the time or moment that the medicine is habituated. While the success of the relieve utilise is as well as dependent on distinguishable characteristics of the persevering’s body, it is the moment that the remedy is used that is the closely important. Indeed, Kairos cannot be placed in a large temporal framework because it does not relate to the notions of noncurrent and future. For this reason, Kairos can besides if exist in the present. This is why a doc does not try to redict how a disease go away evolve, but instead attempts to predict in which Kairos, or â€Å"critical phase” he is in at the moment of his medical examination. For example, in the case of â€Å"an overpowering heaviness of the head”, â€Å"water, or at most […] a pale-yellow wine” should be administered. While this quote may seem to picture the way doctors apply medicine today, it is in fact a description of a very differ ent system. Rather than seeking a connection in the midst of the symptom and the medicine, ancient doctors felt there was a connection between the symptom and the moment of Kairos it exists in.Different symptoms indicated different moments of Kairos which then dictated how the patient ought to be treated. Furthermore, these moments of interpretation are deeply anchored in the present, as it is the only â€Å"time” (as opposed to past and future) in which action can be interpreted. This is to say that Kairos is the moment in which a man can escape his fate, which otherwise rules his life. Fate is always associated with Chronos time, which can be predicted and inescapably evolves from past to future according to a pre stubborn development.In contrast, Kairos time allows for spontaneous action based on temporal opportunities. Since in Chronos time, the present is already determined by the past, there is never a current moment of freedom. Sophocles’ play Oedipus at Colo nus presents an illustration of this predetermination: â€Å"Thy tale of cruel suffering For which no reanimate was found, The fate that held thee bound. ” Here the Chorus addresses Oedipus, clearly expressing the idea that his life, just as that of anybody else, is constrained by fate, which he cannot escape.Chronos is the father of all the Olympian Gods, delineate as a wise old man, and known as â€Å"Father Time. ” In contrast to this image of Chronos, Kairos is represented dancing, holding the scales of fate in his left strive; with his level(p) off hand, he is tipping the scale in wholeness direction or the other. This clearly shows his ability to let loose moments from fate and his detachment from Chronos. Because of this, the moment of the action is oft emphasized more than the action itself.This is evident in the Hippocratic Medical Corpus: â€Å"This is the time for administrating gruel that mustiness be most carefully observed” †â€Å" ca lculate this time of great importance in all diseases” From this quote, it is clear that the most important factor in the administration of medicine is not the disease the patient has, but the moment the remedy will be given. This moment must occur at the right time, during the right phase of the illness, in sanctify for the remedy to be successful. The same can be said about Pindar’s Pythian 4, an ode to the victor of the Pythian games.In Pythian 4, Pindar spends more time describing the process that led the gunes to go on an junket in search for the golden fleece at the moment they did than he does describing their exploits, which are only summarized. This example is factly interesting in that through those feats, Jason, the hero of the myth, and his companions will achieve kleos, and will thus go Chronos time. However, it is the fact that the expedition left at the right moment that seems important to Pindar, or at to the lowest degree more important than the e xploits.In an example such as this one, Kairos does seem to be treated as the component of the action, or at any rate, as trustworthy for its success. This gives Kairos an extremely important role, in rehabilitating man’s freedom. Indeed, without the existence of Kairos, human beings would be trapped in their fate without any power over their destiny. Kairos is an opportunity and a â€Å"critical moment”, but it is in any case the â€Å"due measure” that allow human race to warp on the course of their own existences. However, Kairos only allows men to take action; it does not take action for them.This is evident in the medical corpus: â€Å"[Physicians] in the main make the change from fasting to gruel exactly at those times at which often it is profitable to switch over gruel for what is virtually fasting. ” One can imagine that relying on such a method could have led to serious mistakes. The nature of Kairos is such that these mistake could inti mately have disastrous consequences, for which the physician, and not Kairos, would be responsible. Indeed, Kairos just is not sufficient for a patient to heal, or for an action to be carried out with success.In order for an action to succeed the individual must act in the right moment but must besides act correctly. In the medical corpus example, swelled gruel could probably have been beneficial, but was not because it was given to the patient at the wrong phase of time. This also is why the medical corpus says medications listed can only be efficient in â€Å"the proper time of their use”. In this way, Kairos is a necessary condition, but is in no way sufficient on its own. The positive outcome of an action therefore does not only depend on Kairos, but on the correct interpretation of Kairos.Thus, a good physician is not one who knows all the different label of every disease, a good physician is one who above all else can read a patient’s body in order to recogni ze the phase of time the disease is in, and thus determine what should be done. This is why, according to a personation of the Hippocratic Corpus, every physician should learn â€Å"the changes of the seasons and the risings and settings of the phenomena” in order to â€Å"learn the times beforehand”, which will allow him to â€Å"succeed best in securing health, and will achieve the greatest triumphs in the practice of his art”Our modern concept of time leaves no place for Kairos. The word cannot be translated into modern English, and even the concept requires a fair amount of explanation, since it falls so outside of the realm of our understanding of both time and fate. The closest word to Kairos in the English talking to would most likely be the word, â€Å"opportunity” While â€Å"opportunity” conveys the way moments in Kairos function with humans agency, it does not fully convey the temporal balance of Kairos. In modern day society, opportu nities are not necessarily always dependent on wasted windows of time and are often not spontaneous.In this sense, it appears that we can only talk of an opportunity, but not of the moment in which that opportunity takes place. This is to say that the same way Kairos seems detached from Chronos, our opportunity is detached from time altogether. However, even today, moments of Kairos, though not intentionally, are often taken into consideration when a decision is being made about an action. For example, politicians often â€Å"read the signs” of the political surround or social atmosphere before qualification a speech on a particular topic.Similarly, humans use Kairos in everyday interactions as we constantly anticipate each other’s responses based on the moments we think each other are experiencing. Though Kairos seems unfamiliar and strange in modern society, it is not a concept we are altogether unfamiliar with. ———————R 12;——————†[ 1 ]. Hippocratic Corpus, viands in sharp Diseases p. 79 [ 2 ]. Sophocles, Oedipus At Colonus [ 3 ]. Hippocratic Corpus, forage in Acute Diseases p. 79 [ 4 ]. Hippocratic Diseases, Regimen at Acute diseases p. 97 [ 5 ]. Hippocratic Corpus, Regimen In Acute Diseases p. 119\r\n'

'Ethical Boundaries and Practices Essay\r'

'Follow the directions below to spell out a written report of 1,500-1,750 words on direction honourable boundaries and practices. For this paper, write from the perspective that you atomic number 18 a sea captain advocator in the field. Provide a thoughtful answer to from each bingle of the following three sections, including unique(predicate), concrete examples to represent your ideas. Use the section headings provided below to separate each section of your paper. Your final deliverable should be one cohesive paper addressing all three sections on with an introduction and conclusion.\r\n fragment 1: Boundary Issues and two-fold Relationships\r\nPart A †Decision-Making Model and way Examples\r\nHow would you ascertain if a boundary-crossing or dual alliance is ethical and appropriate? What criteria would you consider when making your decision? bear examples of how you would apply this criteria to at least four counseling authoritys in which you believe the dua l consanguinity issues are complex and ambiguous. One of your examples should address the issues of physical love between clients and counselors.\r\nPart B-Ethical Issues and Dimensions\r\nIn addition, examine these issues in terms of former clients. Address the following: Do the ethical issues (and your opinion around appropriateness) change, depending on how large later the termination of therapy a dual relationship is initiated? What are the key ethical dimensions that efficiency change, after the termination of therapy? Present an example of a situation that you believe would constitute a boundary infraction with a current client but might be acceptable with a former client.\r\nSection 2: Professional Collaboration in Counseling\r\nPart A †Working with a Multidisciplinary squad\r\nExplain why counselors frequently collaborate with early(a) stakeholders regarding a client’s care in order to maintain professional and ethical boundaries and practices. For examp le, professional counselors frequently spirt with clients with addiction issues. Addiction counselors whitethorn work with clients who also concord a co-occurring disorder. The specific roles of each of these counselors are well defined; stray into an area outside your scope of practice is unethical. How would you work independently as a counselor within your scope of practice as well as collaboratively with other mental health professionals to ensure tone of voice client care? What is the role of a counselor in a multidisciplinary team?\r\nPart B â€Relationships with Supervisors and Colleagues\r\nDescribe the ethical issues involved in the supervisor-counselor relationship. How is this relationship similar to the counselor-client relationship? How is it different? Outline a series of criteria and tell apart how you would integrate the criteria into an ethical decision-making set to respond to issues of incompetence and/or unethical pay by fellow counselors.\r\nSection 3: schooling of Your Thinking intimately Ethics\r\nClearly describe what you consider to be the most important developments in your thinking about ethical practice that turn out occurred during this course. This may include areas in which you have excellent your views and beliefs, modified your thinking on a stipulation issue, gained new insights, or acquired a new perspective. It may include issues whose complexity you now appreciate more fully or difficult issues that you now reckon you must grapple with, as a counselor. What have you most learned about yourself and/or about what constitutes becoming an ethical practitioner and how has your thinking about ethics and legal issues changed? Be sure that you include specific examples to illustrate general statements.\r\n'

'Homicide Crime Scene Investigation Essay\r'

'Criminal probe\r\n introduction\r\n On November 3, 2000, the brain dead corpse of a effeminate was spotted a foresightful Old capital of Maryland road, Columbia. The physical structure, which was subsequent identified as that of Ashley Smith, was commencement spotted by two truck drivers, who immediately nonified integrity officers. The offshoot police officers arrived at the ikon at 1051 hours, go over the dupe, and concluded that she was dead. A plague outlook moulding was then naturalised to all(prenominal)ow for further probes and appeal of testify before the body was moved. tally to studies, the initiative do that police officers emergency to think at unrivaled time they reach a iniquity expression is to come across that the shooting is secured (Ho closely, 1999). This is usually in an effort to encumber any tampering of evidence, as easily as to create room for further probe. harmonize to the outcome record, D/CPL fictional cha racter was assigned the role of the primordial investigator. Hence, it was his responsibility to ensure that all the persons responsible were brought to book. criminal offense scene investigators argon persons in charge of the constitutional CSI operation. isolated from establishing identities of dupes as well as umbrageouss of a iniquity scene, it is alike the responsibility of the CSI investigator to engender witness testimonies, link suspects to crime scenes, and ex binglerate the unbiased (Byrd, 2000). The flake study intends to analyze the manner in which the homicide investigation was conducted in addition to lessons acquire from it.\r\n materialization on drive Study\r\n In my opinion, the homicide investigation was conducted in a fair manner. This is because all regalees were followed sequentially and in the right manner †that is, in unanimity with the crime scene investigation procedures. For instance, police officers swung into work oution th e moment they received news or so a body spotted along the Old Annapolis road. accord to studies, the first action that police officers ought to take once they reach a crime scene is to set up a perimeter to keep back lively evidence from be tampered with. One of the reasons why the investigation was conducted smoothly was due to the proper geological formation of the police officers in charge. aft(prenominal) receiving the cut done about a dead body that had been locate, an investigation venire was established in which D/CPL cheek was to act as the dampicular investigator. Through this organization, no conflicts were witnessed among the police officers since all of the officers were aware of their roles in the investigation.\r\n Throughout the investigation, D/CPL cause was of prominent importance; this is because all his ideas were successful, and it was by dint of him that the investigation was successful. For instance, during the early days of the inv estigation, progress was quite a slow since all leads were hitting a dead end. D/CPL theatrical role increased the pace of the investigation afterwards he announced a wages of $8,000 to anybody who would come forward with breeding regarding the killing of Ashley Smith. By announcing an accolade, D/CPL strip knew that more or lessbody withholding reading regarding the homicide would eventually come out, which was true. Although the homicide was announced in the media, not all information was aired; instead, some vital information was withheld. For instance, the media did not mention the sections where the dupe was stabbed or the numeral of wounds inflicted on the victim’s body. by from the stabbings, nothing was give tongue to about strangulation of the victim. This was a good move by D/CPL Case since these omissions were used as traps during the interrogation operate.\r\n In my opinion, the interrogations were conducted in the right manner; this is b ecause D/CPL Case ensured that he interrogated all the people whose names were mentioned during the interviews. In regularise to ensure that the interrogations went smoothly, D/CPL Case used a number of items. For instance, apart from photos and sketches of the crime scene, D/CPL Case likewise relied on forensic analysts, as well as pathologists, who aided in reconstructing the crime scene, hence, substitute the interrogation operations. jibe to the depicted object study, it is evident that D/CPL Case re chief(prenominal)ed calm throughout the interrogation process since he was never in a hurry. For instance, whenever he was not satisfied with the information obtained during an interrogation, D/CPL Case would set up another interrogation with the analogous witness and attempt to acquire to a greater extent information. It is through this tactic that D/CPL Case managed to acquire more information from Scott Jones. Although most of the interrogations were conducted in an approp riate manner, the same cannot be said when it comes to Fredrick Johnson. Although Scott admitted that he was with Johnson during the night of the finish up, D/CPL Case interviewed Johnson all once before impeach him of first-degree pip. In my opinion, D/CPL Case was not ripe in the manner in which he interrogated Johnson. Although the baptismal font was solved success fully, the typeface study does not run out about what happened to the $8,000 award that had been advertised in the media. In my opinion, since nothing is mentioned about this award, the award was just a set-up that lured possible suspects to come forward.\r\n evil snapshot investigating and Evidence Analysis\r\n Investigation of the homicide started on 11/3/00 when two truck drivers spotted the body and reported it to the police. after(prenominal) place setting up a perimeter, thorough investigation of the crime scene commenced. Investigation at the crime scene was thorough since some(prenominal )(prenominal) professionals were founder. For instance, apart from police officers, there were as well photographers, forensic scientists, and pathologists. According to Assi (2010), the reason all investigation specialists put to work to be present is to replicate the crime scene before erecting an investigation. For instance, whereas the role of police officers is to look for the entire crime scene and take distinguishs, photographing and sketching the crime scene is to a fault of great importance. Taking photographs and sketching the scene makes it easy to review the crime scene in case something arises during the investigation (Howell, 1999). When taking photographs of a homicide investigation, several factors exigency to be considered. The face of the victim ought to be photographed for the purpose of identification when official investigations commence. obscure from the face, photographs should be taken of all wounds inflicted on the victim, all unaccustomed marks a ppearing on the victim’s body, and the particularities of the victim’s clothing (Assi, 2010). In the case study, it is evident that crime scene investigators adhered to these requirements. This is because there are photographs depicting the victim’s face, all wounds inflicted on her, and the manner in which the victim was dressed. According to the photographs taken at the crime scene, it is evident that apart from being stabbed in the neck and abdominal area, the victim was also strangled.\r\n While still at the crime scene, a number of evidence materials were tranquil. For instance, apart from the two neoprene skullcaps located at the scene, the forensic scientists and crime scene technicians collected more evidence for further research in the lab. Other items collected included the victim’s line of work sample, the victim’s clothe, and DNA swabbings from the victim’s ankles, mouth, vagina, and anus. After analyzing the eviden ce collected at the crime scene, the fact emerged that the victim had consumed alcohol prior to her death. Additionally, the victim had also engaged in a sexual activity moments before her death. This was discovered by the samples of sperms detected in her pants, vagina, and anus. According to the notes taken at the crime scene, the wounds inflicted on the victim were caused by dig stabbings. The attain utensil, which was later discovered by Richard Myers, was also forwarded to the laboratory for further forensic investigation. After the media announcement, the investigators took note of two names, Scott Jones and Fredrick Johnson, which had been mentioned in three of the calls received. After setting up surveillance on the two primary suspects, investigators managed to brace the suspects’ fingerprints from the rear butts they had discarded. These butts were used by the analysts to separate whether the two suspects had any links to the homicide. By the arse butts obta ined, the investigators realized that the suspects’ DNA matched with the DNA acquired at the crime scene, as well as the murder weapon found. This critical information prompted police officers to apprehend the two suspects for further interrogations.\r\nInvestigative Steps and Strategies\r\n After successfully light uponing the victim as Ashley Smith, the side by side(p) step was to launch an investigation into the homicide, which would result in the arrest of the perpetrators. For the investigation to be successful, the investigating group used a number of steps and strategies. The first step was to get the full profile of the victim. Since she was still underage, her points were not address equal in the computer system; hence, it was D/CPL Case’s task to acquire this information from Mrs. Smith. After holding an interview with Mrs. Smith, D/CPL Case learned that, before her demise, Ashley had been a student at direful Senior high school and had a you ng-bearing(prenominal) jockstrap cognise as Heather Thomas. According to Mrs. Smith, Heather was the last person to see Ashley. by from Heather, Mrs. Smith also mentioned Jason Phelps, who had been Ashley’s boyfriend. The information tag the beginning of the investigation since more names were mentioned by Heather and Jason. Since most of the information acquired was not solid, the next step was to announce the homicide in the media and issue an award for anybody that would come forward with substantial information regarding the crime. According to the case study, this strategy was successful since more concrete evidence was obtained. Apart from the mentioning of names such as Scott and Johnson, this strategy also resulted in the identification of the murder weapon, which was a small knife. Richard Myers, the citizen who spotted the knife, presented the knife to a police officer after seeing the homicide report on television.\r\n According to Assi (2010), when an investigation is still in the process, some information needs to be confidential. D/CPL Case applied this strategy by not releasing all information about the homicide to the media. Apart from D/CPL Case and the investigating team present at the crime scene, nobody else was aware of the number of wounds inflicted on the victim. Apart from the number of wounds, the media were also not told about the choking. D/CPL Case received some calls, but one call that caught his attention was the one he received on 11/30/00. On this particular day, a female fellowship claimed that, before her demise, Ashley had been in the company of three men, one of whom was Fredrick Johnson. The company went on to state that Ashley had been raped by the three men before being killed by Johnson in a move to prevent her from insurance coverage the incident. What made this call unique from the rest was that the caller claimed Ashley had been stabbed in the head and neck. The caller further said that two of the suspects were scratched by the victim during the process. It was this information that prompted D/CPL Case to establish a surveillance on the two main suspects. Although the investigating officers had pictures of the suspects, they were unable to substantiate the suspects accurately. Hence, with the help of P.O. Gummo, a traffic police officer, they were able to verify that, indeed, the suspects under surveillance were Scott Jones and Fredrick Johnson.\r\nInterview of Witnesses and head of Suspects\r\n According to Howell (1999), interviews and interrogations are part of the investigation process since more information is acquired during the process. Apart from interrogating witnesses, investigators also need interrogate all suspects whose names are mentioned. According to the case study, the first person to be interviewed was Mrs. Smith, the victim’s mother. Through this interview, it was noted that the victim had been kindly of sneaking out of the house a t night. Apart from sneaking out, the victim had also been in a number of love relationships, and her last boyfriend was known as Jason Phelps. During the interview, Mrs. Smith claimed that Ashley had had a close friend known as Heather Thomas. Apart from Mrs. Smith, D/CPL Case also interrogated Heather Thomas. During the interview, D/CPL Case noted that Heather was not telling the building block truth. D/CPL Case wished to apply a polygraph run on Heather, but her parents were against this idea. Hence, D/CPL Case only asked random questions, which Heather answered. D/CPL Case took the record of the interview to Det. Shelly Madison, who later claimed that out of the nine answers given over by Heather Thomas, four were wrong. This was enough evidence to show that that Heather Thomas had not been truthful. It was not until the quaternate interrogation that Heather Thomas confessed to intentional Fredrick Johnson. D/CPL Case also interrogated Scott Jones and Fredrick Johnson, who was the primary suspect of the homicide investigation. According to the case study, Scott was interrogated more thoroughly than Fredrick. This is because Fredrick pass along an attorney. Hence, he was never questioned. At first, Scott denied taking part in the homicide. However, after numerous interrogations by D/CPL Case, Scott finally confessed to taking part in the killing.\r\norganic Challenges\r\n During the investigation, there were a number of transactions aimed at suppressing some of the evidences. For instance, there was a motion filed to suppress the murder weapon located in the crime scene. The murder weapon, a knife, was brought in by Richard Myers, an American citizen. In my opinion, this item was legally obtained since it was brought in after an advertizing was placed in the media. Apart from the knife, another motion filed was that of illegal surveillance. According to studies, one is in ravishment of the fourth Amendment if he or she interferes with the privacy of a person by either watching or listening to the Person (Couenhoven, n.d). In my opinion, D/CPL Case and the investigation team went against the fourth amendment after they illicitly placed surveillance on Scott and Fredrick. There was also a motion filed on some of the confessions made. It is against the fourth amendment for a witness to be interrogated for a long period (NCIDS, 2002). Due to this, it is therefore evident that Scott was coerced to make confessions during the interrogation, hence, there is high chance that not all the information provided by the suspect was accurate. In my opinion, the information provided by Scott was not legally obtained. It is also against the legality for enforcers to acquire information from witnesses and suspects without a warrant ( arise Law, 2014). In the case study, D/CPL Case and the investigation team acquired the DNA of Scott and Fredrick after illegally acquiring the suspects’ cigarette butts that they had discarded w ithout the suspects’ consent. Due to this, it is therefore evident that the law enforcers did not acquire the item legally.\r\nLesson Learnt and the Applications\r\n The case study has been quite beneficial since through it, I micturate been able to comprehend most of the lessons I acquired in class concerning the investigation strategies and procedures of a homicide. First, a crime scene needs to be secured by the first police officers to arrive at the scene. In the case study, PFC. Malcolm was the first police officer to arrive at the scene. After confirming that the victim was dead, he established a perimeter around the crime scene. Secondly, after securing the crime scene, investigators need to take photographs of the scene as well as the victim. Apart from taking photographs, they also need to produce sketches of the entire scene. In the case study, apart from sketches, there are also photographs of the victim as well as the crime scene. These photos showed t he wounds inflicted on the victim, the posture in which the victim was found, and the manner in which she was clothed when she was first identified. After taking photographs, investigators need to ensure that they collect all the evidence required. In the case study, apart from the victim’s blood samples, other evidence collected included her clothes as well as swabs from her mouth, vagina, and anus. Finally, crime scene investigators need to interview all witnesses as well as suspects whose names are mentioned. These interviews are of great importance to the investigation since they enable investigators in detecting the main suspects. In the case study, it was through numerous investigations that D/CPL Case and his investigating team were able to identify the main suspects of the homicide.\r\nConclusion\r\n On 11/3/00, a female body was found in Columbia along the Old Annapolis road. The body was later identified as that of Ashley Smith. During the investigation, it was noted that the victim was not only stabbed, but was also choked. According to tests conducted in the laboratory, prior to her death, the victim had engaged in sexual activities. This was due to the detection of sperms in her pants, vagina, and anus. After collection of evidence, an investigation was launched to identify perpetrators of the homicide. Apart from the victim’s mother, interrogations were also conducted on Heather Thomas, Jason Phelps, Ronnie Emden, Scott Jones, Fredrick Johnson, Michael Stewart, and Janet Jones and quartz glass Jones. It was through the interrogations that the investigation team was able to identify Scott and Johnson as the main perpetrators of the homicide. In my opinion, the information communicate in the case study has been quite beneficial. This is because, through the case study, I have been able to fully comprehend the information learned in the classroom.\r\nReferences\r\nAssi, H. (2010). Homicide Crime Scene Investigation. Retri eved on 10 declination 2014 from www.justiceacademy.org/iShare/Library-Training/Homicide-Scene-Manual.pdf\r\nByrd, M. (2000). â€Å" province Description for the Crime Scene Investigator.” Crime Scene Investigator Network. Retrieved on 9 December 2014 from http://www.crime-scene-investigator.net/dutydescription.html\r\nCouenhoven,P. (n.d). Suppressing Confessions: Involuntariness and Miranda. Retrieved on 12 December 2014 from www.sdap.org/downloads/research/criminal/confessions.pdf\r\nFind Law. (2014). The Fourth Amendment and the â€Å"Exclusionary Rule”. Retrieved on 12 December 2014 from http://criminal.findlaw.com/criminal-rights/the-fourth-amendment-and-the-exclusionary-rule.html\r\nHowell, J. (1999). Homicide Investigation Standard Operating Procedures. Retrieved on 9 December 2014 from www.policeforum.org/assets/docs/Free_Online_Documents/Homicide/homicide%20investigation%20standard%20operating%20procedures%201999.pdf\r\nNCIDS. (2002). Chapter 14: Suppression Motions. Retrieved on 12 December 2014 from www.ncids.org/Defender%20Training/Drug%20Case%20Training/Supp_Motions.pdf\r\nSource inventory\r\n'