Traditional and New Approaches of Media Effect

Traditional and bracing Approaches of Media EffectWidhia Kurnia SukmonoHow do you consider the media uphold us? Critically evaluate debates on media establish and tralatitious and new approaches to media set up theories. With reference to whiz particular case study, yield you considered assessment of how the media stoop, and affect, us.It has been widely accepted by the public that the media is capable of Influencing societies on a large scale. The media has long been deemed as a very mesomorphic force within society that can subvert norms and values that could lastly undermine our loving order. How the media exactly affect us can be seen as a rather complex issue that concerns umpteen media scholars for a long time. Various theories on media encumbrance has been created by whatsoever of the realisms re straightned communication scholars in order to depict how the media go pack. Debates on how the media put to work whitethorn cause more harm than inviolable Is sti ll ongoing till now. Hence, it is the utmost importance to analyse the heterogeneous ensamples of media termination and how it has evolved in order to fully understand how the media real influence us. Especially now since we be currently living in a media saturated stopping point, more than ever we dep balance on the media for our understanding of knowledge domain events.This assay aims to analyse traditional and new approaches of media effect, and sought to debate on the credibility of various media effect theories. The five media effect theories mentioned in this essay will include the sodium thiosulfate hassle possibleness, The Reception possibleness, Two whole step attend theory, katharsis theory and convert Decoding theory. To further the abbreviation of media effect on society, this essay will overly touch on the subject of moral panic and how it is related to media influence. Finally, this essay will also per determine a case study on the prevalence of idl e behaviour among unexampled pile caused by high fierce resource portrayed by media industry. Some good deal argued that the amount of force- forbidden presented in the media is the core reason causing young viewers to adopt violent behaviour, but this may non be inevitably true.The idea that the media has stringy effects on concourse gained ground during the 1920s and 1930s, in get down of the fascist treatment towards society and dictators utilizing the media as a propaganda tool in countries handle Germany and Russia. After researcher began observing the effect of propaganda during World contend 1, they brought about the very first theory of media effects which is called the Hypodermic needle Theory or the Magic Bullet Model. The Hypodermic Needle Theory is a linear communication theory which provokes that media messages are injected directly into the brains of a passive, receptive, uncritical auditory modality.A classic example of the application of the hypodermic harry theory was illustrated on October 30, 1938 when Orson Welles and the newly formed Mercury field of operation group broadcasted their dramatization of H.G Wells War of the Worlds. The program, which was presented in the format of a news bulletin, caused one million attendee of the 12 million listener in America to be panic-stricken. A wave of agglomerate hysteria disturbed households, interrupted religious services causing heavy traffic jams and clogged major communication system. People even fled their homes in the city to seek shelter in more rural areas, grocery store stores were raided and people began to ration food. The nation was in a state of pandemonium caused by a single broadcast of what was meant to be a tuner dramatization of a well-known book. After the event occurred media theorist classified advertisement the War of the Worlds broadcast as the archetypal example of the Hypodermic Needle Theory and an example of moral panic. This event demonstrated perfe ctly on how the media worked, simply by injecting the message directly into the bloodstream of the public like a drug, it consequently successfully stimulated a uniform reception from the pickle population.This theory shows how hearings are seen a passive and gullible individuals who could intimately be manipulated by the media. Although the Hypodermic Needle Theory has died away in the 1930s since it fails to recognize the fact that audience themselves are supple producers of importee. Nevertheless, the Hypodermic Needle Theory is one of the earliest and fundamental theory of media effects that continues to influence the way we talk about the media and the creation of other media effect theory.However, this theory may still be applicable to children or young viewers as they are considered extremely passive audience and uncritical. They would non be able to distinguish between what is right and what is wrong and may possibly see violence as an acceptable behaviour in society. Hence, it is often recommended that media industry to apply censorship to prevent children from latching onto violent behaviour. foreign what Hypodermic Needle Theory depicted, the media effect process can be seen as a more complex thing, the media doesnt necessarily gather in total direct and force-outful influence on audiences as it require more variables. Media and audience relationship does not exist in debauch but is involved and influenced by many things much(prenominal) as friendly con textbook editionual matter, culture and political-economy. Audience would consists of unique individuals who maintain contrastive social and culture which makes it problematic to conceptualise one mass audience. The term active audience was then created alongside the Reception theory which is the exact polar antonym of the Hypodermic Needle Theory. This theory recognises viewers as active participants in media that is able to form out unique responses from each individual viewers. C ampbell and Morgan (2009) states that one particular message received by five different people most probably create five unique responses depending on in-person factors such as religion, education, culture, political affiliation and legal framework.Lazarsfeld and Katz (1955) also total that people may become opinion leaders, usually are individuals who gestate close attention to the media. This also bring us to the next media effect theory called the Two-Flow step theory which suggest that media piths are mediated with key individuals that influences how we think. These so called opinion leaders sought to observe media satiate and pass on their interpretation of media to others. In a paper presented at the 20th Annual World Wide Web Conference in 2011, researchers managed to look into the flow of information on the social networking site chirrup and revealed that they had found significant evidence to support the Two Step Flow Theory. Researchers found that news distributed in twitter find its way by means of people a number of prominent and influential opinion leaders like celebrities, journalist and bloggers. Ultimately the media is no longer seen as having solid powerful direct effect on audiences anymore. (Lazarsfeld, 1955).Another theory called the Catharsis theory was created, the term Catharsis is derived from the Greek word Katharsis which literally means cleansing, purging, or purification. This theory has compete an important role in the discussion about the effects of violence in the mass media for many years. It implies that the execution of an aggressive action under certain conditions diminishes the aggressive tantalize and therefore reduces the likelihood of further aggressive action. The crucial point in Catharsis Theory is that the observed aggressive action does not necessarily need to be executed in naive realism, it can instead cook place in the audience fantasy and imaginations. This is closely linked to the consumerism cheek of mass media in whereby audiences use what they see on the media to fulfil the different needs and wants they have (Goldstein, 1998). whizz of the most common needs of audience is the urge to escape reality. The mass media industry is able to give these admirer finished wide array of films or games exhibiting characteristic of tragedy and violence for the audience to cleanse their negative feelings (Campbell and Morgan, 2009).Catharsis is then deemed to be near to two the individual and society. People viewing violence-oriented television programs, films or tv games experiences emotional release from negative feelings such as fear and anger. The hurry and excitement delivered by these media text meets the adventurous needs of the audience without actually placing them in any real risk (Edgar, 1977). This theory then suggest that children who are exposed to violence on the media are unlikely to end up practising it, since they are purged of their aggressive drive and negativ e feeling.All of the hypothetic approaches discussed have only allocated power to either the audience or the media. One of the pioneer works to break away from this over emphasis of coloured power was established by Stuart Halls through his encode/decoding theory developed in the 1980s. Hall (1980) argues that media producer encode specific meanings in media text, which is distributed to audiences who will then decode and reproduce these meanings through their own understanding (Hall, 1980 pp 128). Hall does not just chart a middle ground between audience and the media but also introduces media producers into the equating and their roles in this relationship. Hall suggest that producers of the media message would usually encodes their agendas and assumption in the media text which will then shapes the favourite(a) meanings of the text. Such meanings would then specialize and guide audience interpretations. Similarly to the Reception theory, Halls Encoding Decoding theory sugges t that specific factors outside the media text such as gender, education and ethnicity do play a role in influencing audiences interpretations. One of the reasons why encoding and decoding model is significant in media studies is because it balances the relationship between the media and the audience, returning some power to the media while at the same time maintaining audience as active participants. This approach acknowledges both audience and the media as sites of meaning making. Hall then further develops the audience decoding method as affected to iv different levels of responsiveness. Firstly, dominant meaning the audience recognise and agree with the preferred meaning offered by media text. Secondly, oppositional meaning that the audience disagree with the preferred meaning because it contradicts to their own set of beliefs and attitudes. Thirdly, Negotiated, is when audience opposes or adapts to the preferred meaning. Finally, aberrant meaning the audience gives meanings de viant to the preferred meaning. This theory then suggest that producers of media text may encode their preferred meaning inside the text, but it is up to the audience to decode the messages from their very own perspective.By analysing these various media effect theories presented in this essay and how they have evolved. It has become clear that the way media affect us involve a particularly complex process. Nowadays the media does not directly influence usit is clear that the way the media affecThese different media effect theories that are presented in this essay attempt to explain and justify the direction in which the mass media influences society are all practical in their ownReferencesCampbell, S., Ling, R. (2009). Effects of industrious communication. In B. Jennings M. B.Oliver. (Eds.). Media effects Advances in theory and research (pp. 592-606). New YorkRoutledge, New York. As one of the recommend readings for media effects, it draws the reality of forward-looking societ y apparently and describes the way media has an influence on the upstart society and human life by providing the difference between modern and past population. The more media is developed, the more convenience people are. Whilst, the more opportunities people get to share or communicate with the others, the more problems such as privacy issues or mobile violence are occurred. So this gives both sides of idea with some examples.Cline, V. B., Croft, R. G., Courrier, S. (1973). Desensitization of children to television violence. diary of personality and social psychology,27(3), 360 This Journal draws the present environment of children who are now surrounded by mobile technologies such as television, computer and Smartphone. Also this tells the reader that children are now exposed from violence contents. Even though most of the media such as film, news usually deals with dramatic violence it is able to have influence on children to follow the contents recklessly. Furthermore, it pro ves these conditions by measuring the physical and psychological change of children and links the results with the media violence. The text criticized contemporary society that is desensitized from the conditions.Edgar, P. (1977). Children and screen violence. St Lucia University of Queensland Press. In this text Edgar defines what violence is and interprets the norm of violence in the area of media technologies by providing several examples. Also, it contains the theoretical research of mass media and its violence. This more focuses on the mass media violence on children and adolescence and discusses whether it is one of the most considerable issues or not in contemporary society.Goldstein, J. (Ed.). (1998). Why we watch The attractions of violent entertainment. NewYork Oxford University Press. This text provides some reasons why people are attracted to violent entertainment in social and mass media such as films, video games, sports programs and news. Goldstein insists that the au diences may have all different reasons why they are attracted by violent media contents. For instance, some are attracted by violent content of media due to stress-elimination and some are exposed by those just for self-satisfaction in fictional places. Moreover, this points out the reason why media violence is considerable issues in modern world from different points of views and how it affects the number of people predominantly.Katz, E. Lazarsfeld, P.F. (1955) Personal influence The part played by people in the flow of mass communications, The Free Press, New York. In this text, Katz and Lazarsfeld analyse how mass communications and mass media affects on people and the way they will be changed. As the form of case study, the text gives fairly detail examples in real world. It also emphasises and deals with the role of the people in contemporary society such as sharing the common belief, communication or sending messages among people. Similarly, they states that messages transmit ted through mass media go directly into the minds of those who receive or view the content and describes that those then leads the audiences to believe the stories conveyed and act in a uniform manner as suggested by the information they now have.Poynting, S., Morgan, G. (2009). Introduction. In S. Poynting G. Morgan (Eds.),Outrageous Moral panics in Australia (pp. 1-10). Hobart Australian Clearinghouse forYouth Studies. The text is one of the required readings for understanding the media affect. As form of case study, this provides the detailed examples and helps readers to understand the concept of moral panic in Australia clearly. Also, this text points out the connection between the impact of modern social technologies, media and past Australian society.Seymour Feshbach (Catharsis theory