Chaucer’s Contribution to the Development of English Literary Tradition Essay

Chaucer is commonly hailed as â€Å"the father of English poetry† who in such works as his masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales, significantly contributed to the development of English as a literary language. The â€Å"General Prologue† to The Canterbury Tales has often been praised as â€Å"the most perfect poem in the English language. † The Canterbury Tales and his other notable works reflect Chaucer’s familiarity with French, English, Italian, and Latin literature, and demonstrate his consummate mastery of a variety of literary genres, styles, and techniques. His poems continue to draw the interest and praise of readers centuries after his death and are among the most acclaimed works of the English-speaking world. The originality of his language and style, the vivacity of his humor, and the depth of his understanding are continually cited as reasons for the permanence of his works. Chaucer’s decision to write in his country’s language, English, rather than in the was something of a risk, and a big break with learned tradition. The risk paid off. The Canterbury Tales were enormously popular because so many more manuscripts of the tales survive than of almost any other work of this time period. The Canterbury Tales were still going strong when the first printers made their way to England. William Caxton published the first printed version of The Canterbury Tales in 1476. One of the things that makes The Canterbury Tales so fun to read is the great detail with which the narrator describes each of the pilgrims. We learn, for example, that the cook has a pustule on his leg that very much resembles one of the desserts he cooks, or that the miller has a huge, pug nose. For many of his portraits, Chaucer is relying on a medieval tradition of â€Å"estates satire,† a collection of stereotypes about people based on what occupation they had or what social class they belonged to. Another medieval idea his portraits draw upon is â€Å"anticlericalism,† a tradition that got its start in reaction to a lot of abuses by clergy in the medieval church, but which basically became a collection of stereotypes about friars, monks, nuns, priests, and the like. Since The Canterbury Tales is a story about a storytelling competition, many of the questions it asks are about stories. As the pilgrims tell their stories, though, they turn out to be talking not just about fairytale people in far-off lands, but also about themselves and their society. This leads to a lot of conflict in a group of pilgrims formed by members of that same society. It is sometimes argued that the greatest contribution that this work made to English literature was in popularising the literary use of the vernacular, English, rather than French or Latin. English had, however, been used as a literary language for centuries before Chaucer’s life, and several of Chaucer’s contemporaries also wrote major literary works in English. It is unclear to what extent Chaucer was responsible for starting a trend rather than simply being part of it.

Nephelium lappaceum L. Essay

The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as  source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be  taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an  economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also  proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein  we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as  source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan  (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the  rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be  taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an  economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein  we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as  source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan  (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the  rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.The investigatory project intends to determine if rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds can be utilized to a new product. Similarly, the project was designed to utilized the rambutan seeds (wherein we consider seeds as waste after nibbling it) available in the community as source of commercial alternative coffee. The data to be gathered will be taken from experiments, such as the acceptability test of the product (rambuffee) to the consumers. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers had concluded that the rambutan seeds are most potential alternative of coffee beans. It is an economical source of alternative coffee. Thus, the acceptability tests also proved that the rambutan coffee is acceptable by the coffee drinkers and other consumers.

CHAPTER ONE Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CHAPTER ONE - Personal Statement Example an enterprise in regard to retention or acquisition of customers is highly influenced by market trends and the interaction and relationship between that enterprise and its customers. The evolution of firm-customer relations have made companies more persistent on acquiring new customers than they pursue customer retention. This has come at a time when companies face industrial and informational change, thus the need to diversify their customer base. Essentially, acquisition of customers provides for this need effectively and efficiently. Market competition is another critical factor that makes companies persistent on acquiring new customers. Customer-driven competition requires that companies align their view of the customer with all the underlying business functions, thus becoming customer-strategy enterprises (Peppers and Martha 32). The ultimate objective is to enhance the realization of enterprise profitability while ensuring that the diverse and dynamic customer interests are met. Changing the new-customer-acquisition course would be influenced by a redirection of priority to retention when it comes to growing customer base

Refer to the Project Data provided on Blackboard by the Instructor Statistics

Refer to the Data provided on Blackboard by the Instructor. The data shows student enrolment in a private college from 1965 to 2005 - Statistics Project Example By viewing the graph, we observe that the student enrolment has been constantly non decreasing over the past 40 years. The trend line is almost a straight line. If we form an equation with year as independent variable (1965 as 1 and 2005 as 41), the regression equation so formed is y=51.46x+1773.228 with R2=0.935. Almost 94% of the dependent variable enrolment is based on the year (for every increase in the variable year, there is a corresponding increase in the variable enrolment). The student enrolment is constantly increasing over the year and for only few years it got a slight decrease say during the years 1968, 1971, 1972 and 1984. For all the other years the enrolment never came down even for a single year. Stem-and-leaf plots use the original data values to display the distributions shape. The plot for enrolment visualizes the positive skew statistic seen in the descriptives table; the values cluster uniformly in a range of 2000 to 3000, then disperse gradually for the forthcoming years. From the above boxplot, the median is somewhere around 2800 and we observe that more values are above median. Also Mean>Median>Mode. So the distribution is positively skewed. Most of the years had admission above 2800. There is one outlier that is, the 41st observation which has a value 4465.64. This indicates that the last year that is, 2005 the enrolment is much more than the average enrolment. This may have an influence on skewness. From the above table of descriptive statistics, it is clear that the minimum is 1900 and the maximum is 4465.64 with range 2514.643. The median is 2782 and the mean of enrolment is 2854.04. The standard deviation is 637.48 with coefficient of variation nearly 22%. It is reliable data since the coefficient of variation is not above 25%. So the data is somewhat consistent. The skewness is 0.693 is close to 0 and the kurtosis is 0.0147 which is more close to 0. So, the distribution is almost normal and it is

Homeopathy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Homeopathy - Essay Example According to the Wurges, (2005) Arsenicum Album is one of the most commonly used homeopathic remedies with a high success rate. With its ability to treat indigestion, allergies, food poisoning and fevers, it was the most appropriate solution in my case. According to the British Homeopathic Association, a website created to help patient access information on homeopathy; it documents a series of several success stories of patients who used Arsenicum album and were cured, with a long list under those that were suffering from alimentary system disorders (Gibson). Although Arsenicum Album has been found to be poisonous in some cases, appropriate use with guidance from a homeopath, has shown greater success in its use. Various scientists such as Andrea Gescher have been skeptical on the effectiveness of Arsenicum Album (Bhattacharya, 2003), but other studies such as the one carried out by Clausen, van Wijk, and Albrecht, (2011), showed that the pophylactic and therapeutic applications of t he rememdy have a high success rate. The rememdy is grouped under the fifteen important rememdies in homeopathy and its application is widely used cure both psychological and physical problems. It is therefore, a recommended remedy when it comes to homeopathy. Bhattacharya, S. (2003, October 22). Homeopathy reduces arsenic poisoning in mice. Retrieved from New Scientist:

EED323 5 Authentic Assessment Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

EED323 5 Authentic Assessment Paper - Essay Example It is, after all, not sufficient for most uses for the student to have memorized information but have no idea how to apply it. This is especially important in most sciences, since information is useless until it is applies to a real world problem. Therefore, in order to fulfill the need for authentic assessment in science teaching, students must demonstrate that they have identified and retained correct information and be able to use correct procedures to apply that information to the resolution of real world problems. Authentic assessment is a form of assessment in which students perform real-world tasks that demonstrate meaningful application of essential knowledge and skills. Or, as Grant Wiggins (1993) describes it, authentic measures are â€Å"engaging and worthy problems or questions of importance, in which students must use knowledge to fashion performances effectively and creatively. (Mueller, Jon 2005) Students must â€Å"interact with the physical world – drop objects, observe butterfly larvae, measure length and speed, plant seeds and watch the seedlings sprout, build electric circuits and test them – and they must participate in the world of ideas – design experiments, test theories, hypothesize, predict, discuss, and argue† (Hein & Price, 1994, p. 12). Step three is where the actual method of assessment is created. For example, the teacher might assess students by having them participate in a group discussion of a problem, either in front of the class or just of the teacher. A rubric to identify the various components for solving the problem could be used to grade each participant. For example: This is a very simple example. The teacher can expand upon this as needed. An example of how this could be used would be to ask the students to resolve this problem: How do you measure quarts of liquid using only one five quart bottle and one three quart bottle. (Any interesting combination of measures could be used for this.) They need to

Examine protocols for the interview process Essay

Examine protocols for the interview process - Essay Example Each applicant is given a time slice to respond to the questions asked. Behavioral interview- It is based on discovering how the applicant behaved in the past employment. This interview method depends on the assumption that the past experience and performance will most probably predict the future performance of the prospective employee. In this type of interview, the employer already has in mind the kind of skills needed for the job and will therefore ask questions to determine whether the candidate has those skills. The success of any applicant will depend on the precedent behaviour. Working interview- This is where the interview involves the applicant being given a task to perform and watched with a view of determining ability to perform such a task. Information is then gathered, analyzed and a final decision arrived at based on the findings. Stress interview- This is a case where some interviewers intentionally try to induce stress with a view of establishing interviewee’s ability to withstand stressing situations. This can be done by using several approaches for instance, by not accepting something said by the applicant as true or by firing questions to the applicant. Open-ended interview -This type of interview uses an open ended question that requires a more comprehensive response along with an explanation and justification from the interviewee. It eliminates direct responses such as yes or no, right or wrong. Before appearing for any interview it is worthwhile to research some facts about the company on areas such as company operations, markets and challenges facing the company. Some of the vital information needed may include among others; the goods or services sold or offered the number of branches and offices, existing markets and its potential room for expansion. This gives the interviewee confidence to face the interviewers and answer questions as

PAYING FOR FAILURE AT AIG Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

PAYING FOR FAILURE AT AIG - Essay Example 2. Yes, the decision of rewarding the executives was a wrong or a failure decision, as they were the ones that took the company to this stage. It was not necessary for AIG to retain those executive who were not doing well to the company. Instead of rewarding them, they should have been fired and the company should have recruited more qualified, able and committed staff that had the experience of corporate crisis management and could help company to come out of the danger zone. 3. Yes, had I been the president of AIG, I would have refused to pay bonuses to the current executive staff because they did not deserve it. Plus when the company is already incurring huge losses, rewarding them was a wrong decision to make. Moreover, rewards must always be given on the basis of performance and in this case, they did not perform well. Rewards are a sign of appreciation and encouragement for the employees. But rewarding employees when the company is already suffering huge losses is not the right policy as this would discourage others who have worked hard. In this case, the employees who are being rewarded are the ones who are responsible for the current losses of the company, and few are those who have already left the company thus that showed that they were not even loyal to the organization. 4. If I have received the bonus then I would have returned it because if I was one of those then I would know that I did not deserve to get a reward for doing nothing. I would have only accepted the reward after I could manage to get the company to come out of trouble, before that, I think I would have refused it. 5. Government should only use tax revenue to help boost the economy so that eventually it could help the common tax payers. But using that money unfairly is not just to the tax payers and economy itself. Investing money somewhere that will not directly produce any benefit to the masses is

Self education made Malcolm X one of the most influential leaders of Essay

Self education made Malcolm X one of the most influential leaders of his time - Essay Example He belonged to a Christian family where his father was a Baptist Minister and a strong supporter of Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Movement. He had a tragic childhood that made him a burglar. While Malcolm X was a child, his house was set on fire one day and his family had to face constant harassment. Due to this, they migrated to Michigan where his father was murdered. His mother could not cope up with the needs of the family and the death of his father. She was finally committed to a mental institution. . [Malcolm X El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz , 2005]. Malcolm X and his siblings were send to different foster homes. [Malcolm X, 2005]. Although, he was a bright student, Malcolm X did not attain education after eighth grade. He migrated to New York were he worked as a waiter in Harlem. Later he was indulged in selling and using drugs, gambling and finally resorted to burglary. He was arrested at the age of 20 and sentenced to ten years of imprisonment. [Malcolm X, 2005] The art of self-education guided Malcolm X to become a voracious reader and enhanced his language skills. While Malcolm X was in prison, his life took a drastic turn. He transformed himself from a burglar to a great follower of Islam. He learned the existence of Ejjah Mohammed and movements of the black Muslims from his siblings who had converted to Muslims. While he was in the prison, he started writing letters and only then, he realized his poor communication skill in English . Due to his immense dedication to enhance reading and writing skills, he got himself a dictionary. He started writing all the words and their meaning in a book and read them aloud. Through this technique, he improved his vocabulary. After acquiring this skill, he could read all the books with ease. He became a voracious reader and attained vast amount of knowledge through these books about slavery and the history of black civilization throughout the world. He read about Gandhi's struggle to attain freedom in India, Abolitionist Anti Slavery society, genetics, religion and philosophy. [Burke, 2004]. Due to the art of self- education, Malcolm X became one of the most influential leaders of the blacks in the 20th century. Due to the language skills that he had acquired in the prison, Malcolm X became a great spokesperson and propagated Islam. He fought for the dignity of the blacks and rose to the position of a minister at the Nation of Islam. [Malcolm X - Black American History, a history of black people in the United States, n. d]. Later he objected to certain viewpoints of Islam and deviated from it. He went to Mecca and propagated that not all whites were devils. He returned to United States and formed the organization of Afro-American Unity. Malcolm X attained this height of success through self-education. [Carson, n. d]. Through his exemplary communication skills, which he mastered through the art of self-education, helped him become a great spokesperson. If not for this technique of education, Malcolm X would have still lived his life in the streets of New York doing petty crimes. The reading habit that he acquired in the prison was his motivating factor in understanding the various concerns faced by the blacks and propelled him to fight for their justice. Conclusion Malcolm X exemplifies the benefits that an individual attains through self -education. This technique teaches an

REFLECTION Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

REFLECTION - Research Paper Example I felt very relieved after the first meeting because my English is week. I did not have the confidence to communicate things the way he did. So I was happy when he offered to do the compilation himself. The second meeting also took place through a conference call. We all met and made our questions for the teams. Making the questions was not as easy as it seemed. I knew that whatever question I would come up with would reflect how deeply I understand things. The questions had to be sensible in order to project good image of the person asking them. So I conducted a thorough research and review of literature to acquaint the required concepts before deciding which questions I would propose. The third, fourth and fifth meetings were about organizing of the paper as well as the presentation. I am good at organizing things and did my part of the job always in time. I am also very good at making presentations because I know how to adjust the colors of the text with the colors of the backgrou nd so that the colors do not merge with the background and so that the text is clearly readable. I am also quite skilled in the use of powerpoint, so I included some very good effects that all group members were very happy to see. The virtual meetings were more challenging for all of us generally and for me in particular because my English is not very good. It takes me some time to organize my thoughts and opinions in the form of questions or suggestions and put them in front of others in English whereas my other group members were very fluent in English and so easily conveyed whatever they had in their mind. Since the meetings were virtual, I was even more worried because when you are talking and everybody is listening to you in a conference call, and you take time to convey your point, it fills nervousness in you. May be if the meetings were table conferences, I would not be that much worried because in table conferences, the others are looking more of you than

Chinese philosophy Essay Example for Free

Chinese philosophy Essay Although the interpretation might be negative and positive, it is not how we actually depict these two aspects. They represent a balance and are interdependent (cannot exist without each other). These two are like a cause and effect. 3. How could the hexagrams of the I Ching (The Book of Changes) be viewed as means of divination? How could they be seen as having personality and wisdom of their own? Note the editorial work of the Confucianism. Chinese sought the future in the patterns of the shell of the tortoise or in stalks of grains. The shell of the tortoise was sought to be especially in tune with the rhythms of the universe because of the long life of its inhabitant. With the casting of coins or stalks of a plant, certain patterns emerge. By identifying these patterns, a prediction is made. When casting the coins, they each represented a trigram that when put together you would compare it to your hexagram number. Each hexagram number had a different reading (they were kind of their own version of a fortune cookie). The readings were a form of divination in the way that they each had separate readings about actions to take in the future. They had a personality and wisdom of their own in a sense that each hexagram had a different reading and action to follow. They each had a different fortune. 4. Why did the decline of the feudal system in ancient China set the stage for both Taoism and Confucianism? When the feudal system began to breakdown, each school chose a different belief to kind of explain what was happening at that time with the  government. Within these schools Taoism and Confucianism developed each with different beliefs on how the government should run and how the people should be run. 5. Contrast the view of the best government as it is revealed in the Tao Te Ching and in the teachings of Confucius. Confucianism: feudal system was wanted. They seem to have believed that although the gods existed and worship and rituals were of value in bringing people together, these things were of secondary importance to an equitable social order. They strongly believed in government and that society needed an elaborate structure, reinforced by etiquette in order to be effective. Tao Te Ching: This book was written as a polemic against the Confucians and Legalist who wished for either an idealized form of feudalism or some strong central government. They wanted little to do with government, none if possible. The theme of the book was that all human achievements were folly, especially elaborate government. This book was written by Lao-Tzu in 6th century B. C. E because the gate keeper tried to persuade him to turn back (Hankao Pass) and not leave China. When the gate keeper failed to persuade him he asked him to at least write a book about his teachings (the book took him about 3 days and was made up of 5000 characters). 8. What political difficulties do religions face in China today? The government only tolerates religious organizations that are willing to accept strict regulations. They have to be free of foreign influence and they must accept government censorship of religious writings and guidance in the selections of clergy, and limit religious activities and approved locations.

John Steinbeck Essay Example for Free

John Steinbeck Essay Introduction The American dream was created by James Truslow Adams in 1931, James Truslow Adams believed that the American dream was of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunities for each according to ability or achievement, the American dream was targeted at poor people who wanted to have a better future, some of the things that might be in the American dream is to have a house with a nice family. In the book Of Mice and Men. The American Dream is everyone has a dream to strive for the better things in life. The poor men and women wish to be their own bosses, and actually have stability in their lives, the poor wanted to have there own homes and have a nice family. But in the 1930s there werent many or even any jobs available for the average everyday people of America. The American dream was for everyone to have a dream, the dream was created in the 1930s America, and the great depression was caused by the Wall Street crash, because of the crash many people had lost there jobs and were unemployed, any money that would have been saved in there banks, it wasnt possible for them to take it out because of the wall street crash, the entire banking system had collapsed and a huge number of banks went bust. There where many people staving and illnesses started to flood through out America. The only jobs that people could get where at ranches so there where many migrant farmers going to farm to farm trying to find a job, it was very competitive for them to get a job because every one wanted to make money so the could fill them selfs in the time of the great depression there was a big drought which caused a lot of farms to dry up. All the useable ranches where you could actually get some crops out of where in California. Many rich people had ranches in California so every one whos ranches where dried out and couldnt be used they would go to California, but not every one would have got a place because of the overcrowdings. In the story of mice and men the two men are also migrant farmers and are in need of a job at a ranch, this is how the of mice and men is linked to the great depression. George and Lennie. The relationship between George and Lennie is like a father and son relation ship, in the story lennie is represented like a child because of his disabilities and how he acts. In the story George is always telling off lennie for any thing bad which he does, a quote to represent George telling off lennie is, Aw, lennie George put his hand on Lennies shoulder , I aint taking it for meanness. This is showing two things one which is that hes telling off lennie for something bad what he has done and that at the time of telling him off hes actually being nice and saying he doesnt do it for meanness, just like a father would do. Lennie treats George like a father by always listening to him, in the story lennie mimics Georges moves, a quote showing this is, Lennie, who had been watching, imitated George exactly. He pushed himself back, drew up his knees, embraced them, and looked over to George to see whether he had it just right. This shows that George treats Lennie in a father perspective and thinks of him as a role model. George also gets Frustrated over Lennie when he doesnt listen and does bad stuff a quote showing this is, But not us! An why? Because because I got you to look after me and you got me to look after you. This is showing that if he didnt have to look after Lennie he would have a better life and George could go to a cat house when ever he wanted to and spend all his money unlike now when he has to save it up for the both of them and try and fulfil there dream as best as possible. Why George keeps Lennie around is because he doesnt want to be lonely and live his life like all the other migrant farmers which go to cat houses and spend there earned money on useless money, a quote showing this is, they come to a ranch an work up a stake and then go into town and blow their stake, and the next thing you know theyre pounding their tail on some other ranch. The quote is showing that other migrant farmers spend all there earning but George has a reason to earn money, the reason being lennie. George likes to have lennie around a quote showing this is. its a lot nicer to go around with a guy you know. The quote was when George was talking to slim and took out his feelings. George and Lennies dream is to have a house and land and to have many farm animals especially lennie he is really interested in having lots of rabbits to tend and chickens, a quote to show this dream is All kins a vegetables in the garden, and if we want a little whisky we can sell a few eggs or something, or some milk. Wed jus live there. Wed belong there. There wouldnt be no more runnin round the country and gettin fed by a Jap cook. This quote shows that George and lennie want to be free to have what they want when they want, there is no hustle of doing anything they can grow fresh vegetables on the land run around on the fields enjoying themselves and lennie can tend the rabbits which he would be pleased about. As this would be relevant to the 1930s migrant farmers, George and lennie were alone and didnt have any one to talk to and were quite lonely, a quote to show this is but not us! Because.. because I got you to look after me , and you got me to look after you and thats why this quote shows that George and lennie were together to look after each other referring to the 1930s many people didnt travel together and didnt have the right people to go to if something happened in their lives, referring to the book of mice and men George is always looking after lennie and having to care and see what he is doing where ever he goes, George is a good parent to a lennie he sometimes can get frustrated with lennie but at the same time he doest want to be lonely as he keeps him company. And the interactions he makes towards lennie to make him understand what he is doing. George and Lennies dream didnt succeed because Lennie was getting into to much trouble, like the time in weed when he started to feel that girls dress, a quote showing the time when Lennie got in trouble was, well, he seen this girl in a red dress. Dumb bastard like he is, he wants to touch ever thing he likes. Just wants to feel it. This quote shows George getting into trouble because he of his child like behaviour.

The cultural and social challenges faced by IHRM

The cultural and social challenges faced by IHRM Now we going to introduce the challenges that IHRM had to face. We know the main challenge was to convince the mangers that the culture is different, the social system is different, the legal principles are different etc. Overall its a completely new environment and it is a challenge for the international HR manger to identify these changes and adopt accordingly. This is the main difference between HR and IHRM, in IHRM the manager operates in an alien environment which makes decision making and implementation much difficult. Thus the recruitment and training of these mangers, communication between the head office and the subsidiary becomes more important than in a local operation. The IHRM is focuses more on how to select, recruit and retain managers for international operations, rather than focusing on how to manage international employees. Now , we moved along, expatriates. An expatriate is an employee who is working and temporary residing in a foreign country (Dowling Welch, 2004, p.g.5). The fundamental difference between domestic HR and IHRM is that staff are moved across national boundaries, thus expatriates e are born. Hence it is natural in an IHRM subject to focus more on handling these expatriates. There can be three types of employees in an international firm. Employees from where the firm is headquarted is known as Parent Country Nationals, employees from where the subsidiary is located are known as Host Country Nationals, other country nationals are known as Third Country Nationals (Dowling Welch, 2004, p.g.5). Now it started to make sense, IHRM is more complex and complicated than domestic HRM, because now you not only have to have a thorough understanding about the host country, you also need to decide who are we going to use as employees HCNs, PCNs or TCNs, or a mixture of them. If so in what proportions? How can the organization select the right person? How is training, compensating and other activities are carried? we hope to find answers for these questions during the report. Cross-cultural communication Similarly, among various countries cross-cultural communication is very necessary so that they can understand each others through religion ,culture, art , literature, foreign policies ,fiscal polices ,etc. such type of bridges of understanding will help to lessen and minimize the gap between two culture. Thirukkural , a noted tamil poet ,who has been translated in more than twenty five languages and who had been famous for ethical themes and brevity, has very aptly remarked on power of speech: The goodness called goodness of speech IS goodness which nothing can reach Since gain or ruin speeches brings Guard against the slips of tongue Weight the words and, speak, because No wealth or virtue words surpass. They overspeak who do not seek A few and flawless words to speak (Gupta .reprint 2004) It is said that speech is grater than words ,mind is greater than speech ,will is grater than mind consciousness is greater than will ,meditation is greater than will and power of understanding is greater than meditation.sanakumara ,surmonzing narad atma vidya or brahmavidya (knowledge of the supreme) says : power of understanding beings sine quo non for proper meditation ,thats is greater than meditation . if we cannot correctly understand and discriminate good and bad ,truth and untruth and discriminate between good and bad ,truth and untruth , and the like pairs of opposites ,how can we meditate? Thus there is no doubt that the power of understanding is linked with speech ,one of the tools of communication. point 02 Cultural Differences That culture played a major role in IHRM as it involves understanding and handling a new culture and a new social system. what aspects should an international HR manager should focus on and how he should respond to cultural differences in an international arena. But the topic had lot more to offer than what I initially anticipated. Culture is the way in which a group of people solves problems and reconciles dilemmas (Trompenaars Turner, 2002, p.g.02). There are so many elements in a culture and there is no one way of understanding or defining a culture. But it was evident that having a thorough knowledge about it was essential for those who are engaged in IHRM. In order to give meaning and understanding to the culture there were several models discussed. However the one that looked most promising and attractive was the Hofstedes five dimensions. He developed a model that focused ways of measuring a national culture and how these measures might work differently in different context. The cultural values that are important in a national culture, could be reflected in the way business within that country are operated and organized (Hofstede, 2006). According to the Hofsteds there are 5 cultural damnations. Power distance this is the extent to which power is distributed unequally among the employees in between the higher positions and the lower positions. Eg- India is a high power distance culture ( even have a cast system) and USA is a lower power distance culture. Individualism vs collectivisms In a individualistic country people would priorities them self ( USA) where as collectivism country people would priorities group needs. Uncertainty avoidance People would try to minimize risk they face in a situation ( avoiding paralysis through analysis ) usually countries with long history and traditions have a high uncertainty avoidance. Countries such as USA well come higher risks. Masculinity / femininity Masculine- tough value dominant Eg; success, money, satiates, competition Feminine- tender values dominant such as personal relationships, care for others, quality of life etc. When we take Sri Lanka for a example I think we have feminine culture even though have many masculinity futures. The best example for this is during the tsunami situation whole county get together to help the tsunami victims within ours. This is an excellent model where you can get a quick idea about something complex as a national culture. we believe this simplicity itself is the major short coming of this model. Hofstede selected a country and gave marks to each dimension, thinking that the culture is static. But we all know that in todays context culture is anything but static, it changes at a rapid pace, thus a country which was once collectivist could now be individualistic due to many reasons such as economic pressure, government policies etc. And also Hofstede never took into account the complexity of the task. For an example USA is an individualistic culture, but certain complex projects and operations may force an individual to work as a group to succeed in that particular project. Thus the complexity of the task has forced someone with individualistic character to be collectivistic. But overall the model is excellent to get a glimpse of what an unknown culture would look like, but we do not believe that you can make sound business decisions based on this model. Now we had understanding about how to analyze a national culture, and also the importance of culture to employees and international HR managers. It was evident that this should be the starting point of any international HR plan. Decisions should be taken where culture is kept at the center, as the success of implementation will depend on how well international employees accept your plans. point 03 The Organizational Context All the previous section discussed about the external environment and this topic discussed how the internal environment should be arranged in accordance to international operations. Again we touched upon areas such as importance of culture in HRM and also the organization strategy and HRM etc. Although these areas are very interesting we found it difficult to see the practicality of it. For an example in one point it was said that if a certain culture is high in power distance and have respect for authority then the authority should be centralized and if not it should decentralized. But in practice it is not the culture that influences the structure most but the objectives and the task of the organization (manufacturing companies are more centralized while service oriented companies are decentralized). The most interesting form of structure for us it was the Matrix structure; it was different from all other traditional structure and had certain unique features. A matrix structure creates dual lines of authority and combines functional and product departmentalization (Robbins, Millett, 2004, p.g. 475). The most interesting part about the Matrix structure was that it broke the departmental boundaries and goes against the unity of command where now one employee reports to two mangers. This type of structure is ideal for a large matured organization. When an organization grows its information processing capacity could get overloaded, under a matrix structure this can be changed as it allows the flow of communication and greater flexibility. But what we found out was even large complex organizations are reluctant to move along with a matrix structure. First of all it is a complex structure, and secondly breaking departmental boundaries has its own repercussions such as there is greater room for conflicts, there will be constant issues about span of control and level of authority and there will always be a struggle for power among managers etc. What was clear for us is that its difficult to look at an organization and say this is the best structure for you. Whatever the structure selected it must be flexible enough to change according to situations and most importantly factors such as national culture, employee behavior must be taken into account prior to deciding on a structure. An organizations structure is the spine that allows it to stand still, the HR activities of the organization and all other activities will depend on the support it gets from the structure. Thus HR has a greater responsibility in designing the structure, the structure should be strong enough not only to stand still against the internal environment but also against the external environment as well. That is why in IHRM we look at aspects such as national cultures, work practices, ethics, norms, behaviors etc. So that HR managers can design a structure that is suitable for the external environment. Lesson 04 HRM in the Host Country Context Host country is the place where the subsidiary is going to be set out. HRM in host country is how you organize your employees, recruit them, train them and compensate them once the subsidiary is operational. But as always the subject went a step further than what I anticipated. Certain type of questions an international HR manager would ask himself. Such as should pay for performance be implemented? Should EEO be practiced here? How far are we going to distribute authority? We feel that we always focus on big areas such as compensation, recruitment, training etc. that we somehow consider the above questions as irrelevant. But we believe in todays context those questions are the burning issues. Before deciding on training and compensation we need to outline the way the organization is going to operate. This way could be the overall corporate strategy, or may be the vision of the organization, whatever it is, it should be the platform of the new subsidiary. Why we call it as the platform is because, once an organization have outlined how it plans to operate such as should it implement pay for performance or should it practice EEO etc. Then the organization has created a clear path for it to travel. Now that the core areas have been outline we can decide what our recruitment policy is going to be like, or how we are going to compensate. For an example lets say that we decided to go along with pay for performance and EEO. Now the HR manager knows what exactly to do, he can design a compensation package that would compensate according to the way employees perform. Also he can design a recruitment policy where applicants are given an equal chance of getting selected. But then there were several other questions that came up. How can an organization decide whats the best path to move forward for it subsidiary? Should it depend on the corporate strategy or the environment of the host country? These were answered quickly by the next few discuss. The topic is trying to teach to us how an organization should look for host country specific factors that will have a direct impact over the operations of the organization. As an example it might be the corporate strategy to use a pay for performance system but certain legal and social conditions in the host country will not allow an organization to use such a strategy (like in Japan where pay is according to the seniority). An organization has a choice when it comes to selecting the way it plans to operate. It can either standardize work practices where parent country standards are maintained globally. Or it can localize the operations according to the host country. These two factors are like two extremes of a continuum, the challenge is to find the point where both options are blended in correct quantities. But in reality we feel organizations do not wish to localize operations and are keen in standardizing as much as possible. From a managers perspective this is completely agreeable as it would solve lot of problems at the corporate level. But when it comes to the operational level it will create ambiguity and confusion. But still in order to ease the pressure at the corporate level and to save time, organizations are more attracted towards standardizing. And this is one of the key reasons why expatriates are used so frequently by multinationals. Apart from many other benefits they bring to the subsidiary they most importantly help the parent country to have a greater control over the operations, thus allowing them to standardize operations to a greater extent. point 05 Sustaining International Business Operations To our knowledge staffing is just one aspect of IHRM and in order to sustain, there are so many other factors that needs to be discussed (such as management style, distribution of power and autonomy etc.). There are several ways approaches to staffing available for MNE. Ethnocentric is where the subsidiary is given little autonomy and key management positions are held by foreign nationals (Dowling Welch, 2004, p.g.58). There can be many examples found here in Sri Lankan for this particular staffing policy such as Hilton, Suntel, IOC, Laughs etc. Polycentric is where each subsidiary is treated as a distinct national entity with some decision making autonomy (Dowling Welch, 2004, p.g.59) examples could be Airtel, Dialog etc. Geocentric is where the MNE takes a global approach to its operations. It is accompanied by a worldwide integrated business and nationality is ignored in favor of ability (Dowling Welch, 2004, p.g.60) e.g -: United Nations, HSBC. Regiocentric is like the geocentric approach, it utilizes a wider pool of managers but in a limited way (Dowling Welch, 2004, p.g.62) e.g -: Unilivers. However what we going to understand how important the subsidiary is to the organization. The higher the importance the greater the control the organization requires over the subsidiary, thus it is more likely that they would go ahead with an ethnocentric or any other similar approach where they can have greater control. That is why we see mature organizations such as Suntel and Hilton still using an ethnocentric approach. And a new subsidiary like Aitel Sri Lanka using a polycentric approach tells us that it is not of significant importance to the group. Regeocentric and geocentric approaches are separate from the above two, because in order to practice these approaches the MNE should be large and spread across many countries. Our observation may not be 100% true for all organizations, but it would apply for many MNEs especially small and medium once. point 06 Recruitment and Selection for International Assignment When recruiting and selection you asked your self was what should be so different in selecting a domestic manager and an international manger. After all if youre successful as a domestic manger you just have to apply the same thing abroad with a bunch of foreigners. This time we was completely wrong, we soon found out that there was a significant difference in selecting a domestic manager and an international manager. The first thing we realized about an international manager is that his task is lot more complicated than of a domestic manager. There is a lot expected from an expatriate, he will have to perform in an unfamiliar environment, he will have to play different roles in different situations (e.g-: an interpreter, a boundary spanner, an agent, a negotiator etc.), the support of the family and friends maybe absent, he is expected to be flexible and adopt to the host country situations quickly etc. An important point we want to understand, expatriate failure. We found it very interesting because we was unaware of this term and also when we looked deep in to it; it is something practically experienced by many MNEs. Expatriate failure is defined as the premature return of an expatriate (that is, a return home before the period of assignment is completed) (Dowling Welch, 2004, p.g.86). There were several reasons highlighted for expatriate failure, the most common issues are the inability of the expatriate to adapt to the host country and family concerns. Why we say is that when an expatriate is selected, the organization makes sure that he has performed well domestically. This certifies that he has the necessary technical competencies. So the reason for not performing internationally is not because he lacks technical skills, its just that he doesnt know how apply his knowledge to that particular culture. And also humans are social animals; they always want to be a part of a group and a community. But when an expatriate is send abroad he gets cut off from his community and gets isolated. This adds tremendous physiological pressure on the expat. That is why we believe that these two factors are the most common reasons for expatriate failure. Lesson 07 Training and Development Now we want to understand how important it is to select the right person to head an international operation. Being successful in a domestic environment does not guarantee the success in an international environment. But selecting the candidate with all these factors is difficult. So it was my understanding that if organizations cannot find individuals with the desired characteristics, they must use training and development to bring those individuals to the desired level. Before this discussion starting this we want to identify and understand the difference between training and development. As explained by Stone (2005, p.g.335) training emphasizes immediate improvement in the current job performance, while development involves those activities that prepare an employee future responsibilities. Thus the correct word to be used in IHRM would be development. The interesting thing in this discussion that expats are in most occasions going act as trainers themselves. This is a true fact; one of the main reasons of using expatriates is because they have certain skills that host country employees do not. Thus they will in time teach these new skills to host country employees. Now we had idea about how important training of expatriates really is. Not only should an organization train them on handling cross cultural instability and breaking the language barrier, they should also be trained to handle the trainers position (a person who trains host country nationals). Many expats fail due the inability to adapt to host country environment. Thus having a good cross cultural training session is vital to a successful international operation.It was also mentioned that preliminary visits should be a key area in cross cultural training. I totally agree with that statement, the expat should be given a chance to experience the host country for himself, which is more effective than any class room session. And language has been a huge barrier for many expatriates to perform well, thus it should also be a part of the cross cultural training. We strongly feel that there should be some concern given in developing the expats technical skills as well, especially if hes going take on a new management position which was absent in this chapter. point 08 Performance Management, Re-entry and Career Issues we had an understanding about performance management from a previous discussion but re-entry was a new area. So we were going to looking forward to identifying the link between these two topics. What performance management really is and how it can benefit an organization.This is because there are so many other factors that needs to be taken into consideration when assessing an expat, things like the host country environment, the culture, employee behavior etc. And another significant difference in IHRM performance appraisals is that it takes into account factors such as the expats ability to connect with the host country culture and social values, ability to understand its employees etc. Our understanding is that having a thorough, fool proof performance appraisal and conducting it correctly is vital for an organization. This is the best point where the organization can do a thorough audit about the performance of the expat. As explained earlier expatriate failure is a major issue in most of the international organizations. This can be avoided to a greater extent if the organization carries out a thorough performance appraisal. Repatriation was a interesting area. The interesting part was that most international manager after a successful international operation upon re entering to the host country underwent certain issues. This was so common that it is been included into the expatriation process. From we want to feel there two sides to this story. One being that the manager who is returning after a long time will find it difficult to adopt to his culture and environment after being away from it. Secondly issues related with the work environment such as change in positions, change in reporting styles, change in organization culture, new recruits etc. I believe the change in the work environment is the one that affects the most. Our understanding is that in order to avoid this, the expat should constantly keep in touch with the parent country during his assignment. point09 Compensation People work because they know that at the end of the day they are paid a decent amount. So if an organization wants to keep its best employees intact it must make sure that they compensate accordingly. We thought that this same rule applied in IHRM. We knew that international mangers are paid much better than local mangers, and our understanding was that it is because the task they handle is difficult. But compensating in IHRM is lot more complicated than in HRM. First of all we want to discuss about a topic that we found very interesting. There are two ways an organization can compensate an employee. The going rate approach is where the salary structure is in parallel with the host country standards (Dowling Welch, 2004, p.g.144). The balance sheet approach is where the salary structure would be similar to home country standards (Dowling Welch, 2004, p.g.146). Our understanding is that the salary structure is always designed to benefit the expat. For an example if an Australian manager is transferred to Sri Lanka they would adapt the balance sheet approach since Australians are paid better than Sri Lanka. If a Sri Lankan manager was to go to Australia then they would adapt the going rate approach. The reason for this as we understand is that most expats are sent to handle senior management positions, and it is most likely that they would have to start lot of things from starch such as accommodation, schooling, furniture etc. Thus the organization must make sure that not only they are paid better than their subordinates but also it should be equal or better than what theyre paid in their parent country. Otherwise an organization will not be able to attract talented individuals. The important thing to understand as we feel is that it is very difficult for someone to accept an international assignment. There is change in culture, living standards, family issues, re location issues, fear of moving into uncertain territory, career issues are some of the things that an international manager will have to face. Despite all this, if an organization wants an individual to accept an international assignment the best way of breaking the above barriers is by compensating them accordingly. we believe that is the reason why expats always gets the benefit when it comes designing their salary structure. Another important area in compensation as we found out was allowances. As we want to understand it has two purposes. Firstly an allowance makes the remuneration package attractive, thus managers will be attracted in accepting international assignments. Secondly it will help to increase the living standards of an international manager. Especially senior managers have a certain image to maintain, they reflect not only their standard but the standard of the entire firm. Hence an allowances will help senior managers to protect that image. point 10 Business Etiquettes and Social Customs There were always something new to learn in etiquettes, because every culture has their own unique way of conducting business. The important thing that we want to understand that no matter how qualified and well equipped a manager maybe he can mess the whole thing up by just doing something that is not excepted in that culture. That is how important etiquettes are. By doing things according to the hosts culture you show that you respect them and their culture. Handling these etiquettes should be one of the factors discussed in the expatriate training programs. As it will help the future expats to handle business smoothly, since then they know what they should do and what they shouldnt. The interesting part is that you can damage a relationship by doing something, or by not doing as well.